| 1. |
- Tanqueray, Laetitia, et al.
(författare)
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What Norms Are Social Robots Reflecting? A Socio-Legal Exploration on HRI Developers
- 2023
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Ingår i: Social Robots in Social Institutions : Proceedings of Robophilosophy 2022 - Proceedings of Robophilosophy 2022. - 9781643683744 - 9781643683751 ; 366, s. 305-314
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- By relying on theory from sociology of law and data feminism, this study showcases the norms guiding development in human-robot interaction. This qualitative study consists of an ethnography of the HRI conference 2021 and expert interviews which were merged and analysed using an ethnographic content analysis method on NVivo. The socio-legal data feminist lens enables to pinpoint the lack of clear legal involvement, the reliance on the HRI community to develop, and the normative impact this has on the overall development of social robots. This study not only aims to showcase the vital role of HRI developers, but also the need for more critical scholars in this area.
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| 2. |
- Larsson, Stefan, et al.
(författare)
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Smart City Governance - AI Ethics in a Spatial Context : Select papers from 2021/2022
- 2022
-
Rapport (populärvet., debatt m.m.)abstract
- This brief anthology presents the basics of the interdisciplinary course called “Smart City Governance – AI Ethics in a Spatial Context”, given at Lund University. Furthermore, it includes three papers and a task written by students from the class of 2021/2022 in order to show examples of the topics possible to analyse when combining engineering students from programmes on data, ICT and land surveying with students from the humanities or social sciences.Head of course is Stefan Larsson, Associate Professor at the Department of Technology and Society at LTH, Lund University. As a socio-legal scholar and lawyer at a faculty of engineering, he leads a group studying governance and issues of trust and transparency with autonomous and AI-driven technologies in domains ranging from the public sector to consumer markets, medicine and social robotics.Laetitia Tanqueray is a Teaching Assistant on this course, and canvas coordinator. Laetitia holds bachelors’ in English Law and French Law and a master’s in Sociology of Law. She is a project assistant at the Department of Technology and Society at LTH, Lund University, investigating questions related to socio-legal robotics.
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| 3. |
- Larsson, Stefan, et al.
(författare)
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Towards a Socio-Legal Robotics: A Theoretical Framework on Norms and Adaptive Technologies
- 2023
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Ingår i: International Journal of Social Robotics. - : Springer. - 1875-4805 .- 1875-4791. ; , s. 1-14
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- While recent progress has been made in several fields of data-intense AI-research, many applications have been shown to be prone to unintendedly reproduce social biases, sexism and stereotyping, including but not exclusive to gender. As more of these design-based, algorithmic or machine learning methodologies, here called adaptive technologies, become embedded in robotics, we see a need for a developed understanding of what role social norms play in social robotics, particularly with regards to fairness. To this end, we i) we propose a framework for a socio-legal robotics, primarily drawn from Sociology of Law and Gender Studies. This is then ii) related to already established notions of acceptability and personalisation in social robotics, here with a particular focus on iii) the interplay between adaptive technologies and social norms. In theorising this interplay for social robotics, we look not only to current statuses of social robots, but draw from identified AI-methods that can be seen to influence robotics in the near future. This theoretical framework, we argue, can help us point to concerns of relevance for questions of fairness in human-robot interaction.
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| 4. |
- Felländer, Anna, et al.
(författare)
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Achieving a Data‐Driven Risk Assessment Methodology for Ethical AI
- 2022
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Ingår i: Digital Society. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 2731-4669 .- 2731-4650. ; 1:2, s. 1-27
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The AI landscape demands a broad set of legal, ethical, and societal considerations to be accounted for in order to develop ethical AI (eAI) solutions which sustain human values and rights. Currently, a variety of guidelines and a handful of niche tools exist to account for and tackle individual challenges. However, it is also well established that many organizations face practical challenges in navigating these considerations from a risk management perspective within AI governance. Therefore, new methodologies are needed to provide a well-vetted and real-world applicable structure and path through the checks and balances needed for ethically assessing and guiding the development of AI. In this paper, we show that a multidisciplinary research approach, spanning cross-sectional viewpoints, is the foundation of a pragmatic definition of ethical and societal risks faced by organizations using AI. Equally important are the findings of cross-structural governance for implementing eAI successfully. Based on evidence acquired from our multidisciplinary research investigation, we propose a novel data-driven risk assessment methodology, entitled DRESS-eAI. In addition, through the evaluation of our methodological implementation, we demonstrate its state-of-the-art relevance as a tool for sustaining human values in the data-driven AI era.
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| 5. |
- Larsson, Stefan, et al.
(författare)
-
On Legal Complexity: Between Law in Books and Planning in Practice
- 2013
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Ingår i: Social and Legal Norms: towards a socio-legal understanding of normativity. - Farnham, England : Ashgate Publishing. - 9781409453437 ; , s. 285-307
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Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This chapter addresses the difference between the intentions of the law and its application by using mobile telephony infrastructure development in Sweden as a case. Three possible pitfalls for policy management in general are concluded and analyzed. The first pitfall deals with legal complexity, which may be a result of piecemeal changes to the governing legal bodies over a longer time and is here argued to be of relevance for issues of public participation and access to justice. Another problematic pitfall concerns when law is internally contradictory without any clear hierarchy, which is exemplified below. The third possible pitfall, which often is a point of focus in sociology of law, concerns when extra-legal factors interfere in the legal decision-making without this being pronounced or acknowledged. This means that economy and politics can affect the application of law to the extent that legal security and predictability is jeopardized. These three possible pitfalls in policy represent issues of general character in the legal government of land use and spatial planning, and are here analysed from a socio-legal perspective.
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| 6. |
- Larsson, Stefan
(författare)
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NECROROBOTICS : The Ethics of Personalised Resurrection
- 2023
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Ingår i: ; , s. 1-4
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Ethical and legal questions of robotic personalisation can be addressed in various ways. While seeking to theorise on ethical issues related to robotic personalisation, this paper proposes the concept of necrorobotics in order to target a particular space of personalisation, governed by a variety of norms: death, and the reuse of dead persons data to create robotic agency. Based on recent advancements in what is here labeled as resurrection technologies, the paper creates a speculative provocation in order to reflect on ethical implications of using AI-tools to bring back the sounds, textual behaviour and animated imagery of a deceased friend or close relative.
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| 7. |
- Larsson, Stefan, et al.
(författare)
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Notified but Unaware: Third Party Tracking Online
- 2021
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Ingår i: Critical Analysis of Law. - 2291-9732. ; 8:1, s. 101-120
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Drawing from conceptual studies on transparency, particularly with regard to market complexity, user literacy and resignation, this article studies and analyzes the practices of third-party data collection online. Empirically, we map third-party trackers on a sample of Swedish websites in five sectors (media, retail, banking/insurance, public sector, and health), and the trackers are compared to lists of known trackers to determine their main purpose. These results are then used in digital focus groups divided into high-trust and low-trust individuals, to better understand how everyday consumers perceive and cope with the tracking infrastructure. The main results indicate that third-party tracking is omnipresent online, particularly for media and retail sites, showing that data-driven markets depend on the collection, sharing and trade of consumers’ personal data. Furthermore, despite regulatory provisions promoting clearer notifications and designs within the EU, many users are still highly unaware of the data collection practices and their underlying purposes. The results indicate a weak consent base for data collection and a market structure and data collecting practices that are highly non-transparent. We recommend more active supervisory authorities, and more stringent requirements primarily in relation to the obscure ad tech infrastructures to improve transparency and promote consumer awareness.
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| 8. |
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Smart City Governance – AI Ethics in a Spatial Context : Selected Essays from 2022/2023
- 2023
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Samlingsverk (redaktörskap) (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This brief anthology presents the basics of the interdisciplinary course called Smart City Governance – AI Ethics in a Spatial Context, given at LTH, Lund University. Furthermore, it includes three selected essays from the main assignment written by students from the class of 2022/2023. These provide with examples of the topics possible to analyse when combining engineering students from programmes on data, ICT, architecture, and land surveying with students from the humanities or social sciences.
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| 9. |
- Larsson, Stefan
(författare)
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Between Daring and Deliberating : 3G as a Sustainability Issue in Swedish Spatial Planning
- 2008
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Licentiatavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The thesis shows how different aspects of sustainable development have been handled or not handled in the third generation infrastructure development in Sweden. The difference between the design of the 3G development – emphazising competition, growth and regional access, based on a strong technological optimism - and the implementation, as the roll out struck the landscape, including the non-handled radiation issue and the legal changes in order to facilitate the roll out, is discussed and analyzed. The roll out formally started in late 2000 as the licence allocation process, the so called beauty contest, was finished. Four operators were to build partly competing systems within three years, each covering 8 860 000 persons, more than 99,98 percent of the populated areas. The Post and Telecommunications Agency can sanction operators not fulfilling licence conditions by a considerable fine. The coverage by the end of the period was between 66 and 74 percent of the promised 8 860 000, with only three remaining operators still participating. Not until 1 December 2006 did the first operator report the required coverage, followed by the two remaining operators by 1 June 2007. The municipal permit handling was blamed for the delay, a reason that “could not have been foreseen”, which helped the operators avoid sanctions from the PTA. The thesis shows that a slow municipal permit process can not explain the lack of coverage in some areas of Sweden. Environmental aspects were not handled at national level but assessed locally in the building permit handling, as well as the regional 12:6 consultations at the County Administrations. This is why the municipal permit process holds many of the keys regarding environmental management and planning. Therefore the permit processes regarding 3G masts has been charted as they developed in time and screened for main issues and conflicts. Public participation can be found in the local context tied to the legal concept of being a concerned party in the permit process, or the 12:6 consultation. In spite of this, the much debated radiation issue is lifted from the participative aspects and legally defined as not relevant. The theoretical basis of the analysis combines spatial planning and sociology of law, applying the sociological concept of norms as entities controlling action on the discussion of two different paradigms of governance derived from planning theory. The thesis project has been a part of a study within the MiSt programme, an interdisciplinary research programme on tools for environmental assessment in strategic decision making funded by the Swedish Environmental Protection Agency. Supervisors: professor Lars Emmelin, School of Planning, Blekinge Institute of Technology Karsten Åström, professor in sociology of law, Lund University
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| 10. |
- Palmås, Karl, 1976, et al.
(författare)
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The liability of politicalness : Legitimacy and legality in piracy-proximate entrepreneurship
- 2014
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Ingår i: International Journal of Entrepreneurship and Small Business. - : InderScience Publishers. - 1476-1297 .- 1741-8054. ; 22:4, s. 408-425
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This article explores three entrepreneurial ventures that have evolved in proximity to online piracy. In reviewing the respective cases of Spotify, Skype, and The Pirate Bay, the argument outlines the radically divergent strategies with which the entrepreneurs have sought to legitimise their ventures and underlying technologies. The article concludes that: 1) the context of practices labelled ‘pirate’ are paradigmatic examples of fields in which entrepreneurs must work exceptionally hard to legitimise themselves; 2) in this context, it is crucial that the role of law is analytically isolated from the role of institutionalised legitimacy; 3) success in legitimisation is largely dependent upon the entrepreneur’s ability to demonstrate that the venture is governed by ‘the natural order’ of the economy. It is further argued that piracy-proximate ventures may contribute to the entrepreneurship field, inasmuch as they teeter on the border of being considered too disruptive, and thus suffer from a ‘liability of politicalness’.
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