| 1. |
- Peters, Gregory, 1970, et al.
(författare)
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Environmental Sustainability for Engineers and Applied Scientists
- 2019
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Bok (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This textbook presents key theoretical approaches to understanding issues of sustainability and environmental management, perfectly bridging the gap between engineering and environmental science. It begins with the fundamentals of environmental modelling and toxicology, which are then used to discuss qualitative and quantitative risk assessment methods, and environmental assessments of product design. It discusses how business and government can work towards sustainability, focusing on managerial and legal tools, before considering ethics and how decisions on environmental management can be made. Students will learn quantitative methods while also gaining an understanding of qualitative, legal, and ethical aspects of sustainability. Practical applications are included throughout, and there are study questions at the end of each chapter. PowerPoint slides and jpegs of all the figures in the book are provided online. This is the perfect textbook on environmental studies for engineering and applied science students.
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| 2. |
- Lösler, Michael, et al.
(författare)
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Bestimmung von Messunsicherheiten mittels Bootstrapping in der Formanalyse
- 2018
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Ingår i: ZFV - Zeitschrift für Geodasie, Geoinformation und Landmanagement. - 1618-8950. ; 143:4, s. 224-232
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The methods of the Guide to the Expression of Uncertainty in Measurement, e.g. Law of propagation of uncertainty or Monte-Carlo simulations, are the most applied guidelines in the framework of measurement sciences. These methods require a-priori knowledge of the statistical distribution of the taken sample. However, in some practical cases, this condition cannot be fulfilled. In descriptive statistics, analysis methods are known that do not required knowledge of the underlying distribution of the data. One well-known algorithm is the bootstrapping. In this contribution, the bootstrap algorithm is applied to the surface analysis to derive confidence intervals of estimated parameters, exemplified by the adjustment of an elliptic ring-focus paraboloid. Introducing kernel density estimation, the unknown probability density functions of the estimates are approximated and transformed to the resulting focal area to derive the level of confidence of the intervals.
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| 3. |
- Holgersson, Marcus, 1983, et al.
(författare)
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The evolution of intellectual property strategy in innovation ecosystems: Uncovering complementary and substitute appropriability regimes
- 2018
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Ingår i: Long range planning. - : Elsevier BV. - 0024-6301 .- 1873-1872. ; 51:2, s. 303-319
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In this article, we attempt to extend and nuance the debate on intellectual property (IP) strategy, appropriation, and open innovation in dynamic and systemic innovation contexts. We present the case of four generations of mobile telecommunications systems (covering the period 1980-2015), and describe and analyze the co-evolution of strategic IP management and innovation ecosystems. Throughout this development, technologies and technological relationships were governed with different and shifting degrees of formality. Simultaneously, firms differentiated technology accessibility across actors and technologies to benefit from openness and appropriation of innovation. Our analysis shows that the discussion of competitiveness and appropriability needs to be expanded from the focal appropriability regime and complementary assets to the larger context of the innovation ecosystem and its cooperative and competitive actor relations, with dispersed complementary and substitute assets and technologies. Consequently, the shaping of complementary and substitute appropriability regimes is central when strategizing in dynamic and systemic innovation contexts. This holds important implications for the management of open innovation, innovation ecosystems, platforms, and coopetition.
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| 4. |
- Bastos Lima, Mairon G., et al.
(författare)
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Large-scale collective action to avoid an Amazon tipping point - key actors and interventions
- 2021
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Ingår i: Current Research in Environmental Sustainability. - : Elsevier BV. - 2666-0490. ; 3
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The destruction of the Amazon is a major global environmental issue, not only because of greenhouse gas emissions or direct impacts on biodiversity and livelihoods, but also due to the forest's role as a tipping element in the Earth System. With nearly a fifth of the Amazon already lost, there are already signs of an imminent forest dieback process that risks transforming much of the rainforest into a drier ecosystem, with climatic implications across the globe. There is a large body of literature on the underlying drivers of Amazon deforestation. However, insufficient attention has been paid to the behavioral and institutional microfoundations of change. Fundamental issues concerning cooperation, as well as the mechanisms facilitating or hampering such actions, can play a much more central role in attempts to unravel and address Amazon deforestation. We thus present the issue of preventing the Amazon biome from crossing a biophysical tipping point as a large-scale collective action problem. Drawing from collective action theory, we apply a novel analytical framework on Amazon conservation, identifying six variables that synthesize relevant collective action stressors and facilitators: information, accountability, harmony of interests, horizontal trust, knowledge about consequences, and sense of responsibility. Drawing upon literature and data, we assess Amazon deforestation and conservation through our heuristic lens, showing that while growing transparency has made information availability a collective action facilitator, lack of accountability, distrust among actors, and little sense of responsibility for halting deforestation remain key stressors. We finalize by discussing interventions that can help break the gridlock.
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| 5. |
- Lähteenmäki-Uutela, Anu, et al.
(författare)
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What explains SECA compliance: rational calculation or moral judgment?
- 2019
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Ingår i: WMU Journal of Maritime Affairs. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1651-436X .- 1654-1642. ; 18:1, s. 61-78
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We explain the Sulphur Emission Control Area (SECA) compliance through analyzing both rational and moral factors for compliance motivation. According to preliminary analysis based on samples and measurements, the compliance rate for SECA is rather good and air quality has improved significantly. As costs of compliance are rather high and penalties for non-compliance rather low for regulation targets, moral motivation factors must be relevant for compliance. Maintaining good relationships with control authorities and peers requires shipowners to comply with the rules for practical and moral legitimacy. Our interviews with Danish, Finnish and Estonian shipowners confirmed that most of them follow the law simply because it is the law, this applying both to current Baltic Sea SECA rules and the future global sulphur emission rules. Obeying environmental law thus has a taken-for-granted status among shipping companies. Almost half of the companies specifically mentioned they follow the SECA rules because they want to take care of the environment, thus having internalized the regulatory content. Some companies see global compliance to depend on efficient controls.
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| 6. |
- Linné, Philip, 1982, et al.
(författare)
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Regulating Pollution from Ships
- 2016
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Ingår i: Andersson, K. et al (Eds). Shipping and the Environment - Improving Environmental Performance in Marine Transportation. - Berlin Heidelberg : Springer-Verlag. - 9783662490457 ; , s. 75-121
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Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This chapter begins with a short history of the regulation of ship operations including the regulation of pollution from ships, and then proceeds to its main focus of explaining the basic international legal framework for regulating pollution from ships, the main actors involved in the international regulatory process, and the process of creating environmental regulations for ships via the International Maritime Organization (IMO). The regulation of ship operations has a long history, although the specific regulation of pollution from ships is a relatively recent phenomenon. Over the course of history, the freedom to use the seas in various ways (the principle of freedom) has been balanced by the interests of sovereign States (the principle of sovereignty). As is demonstrated in this chapter, to explain the regulation of pollution from ships at the international regulatory level, a basic understanding of international law and international law of the sea is necessary. However, the regulation of the pollution from ships should also be viewed as a result of negotiations among States with different interests and with different economic and environmental conditions. In this regard, two divisions can be helpful in understanding how the international instruments that regulate pollution from ships are created via IMO: the first is between coastal States, flag States and States with maritime interests, and the second is between developed States and developing states.
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| 7. |
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| 8. |
- Freitas, Flavio L M, et al.
(författare)
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Who owns the Brazilian carbon?
- 2018
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Ingår i: Global Change Biology. - : Wiley. - 1365-2486 .- 1354-1013. ; 24:5, s. 2129-2142
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Brazil is one of the major contributors to land-use change emissions, mostly driven by agricultural expansion for food, feed and bioenergy feedstock. Policies to avoid deforestation related to private commitments, economic incentives, and other support schemes are expected to improve the effectiveness of current command and control mechanisms increasingly. However, until recently, land tenure was unknown for much of the Brazilian territory, which has undermined the governance of native vegetation and challenged support and incentive mechanisms for avoiding deforestation. We assess the total extent of public governance mechanisms protecting aboveground carbon (AGC) stocks. We constructed a land tenure dataset for the entire nation and modeled the effects and uncertainties of major land-use acts on protecting AGC stocks. Roughly 70% of the AGC stock in Brazil is estimated to be under legal protection, and an additional 20% is expected to be protected after areas in the Amazon with currently undesignated land undergo a tenure regularization. About 30% of the AGC stock is on private land, of which roughly two-thirds are protected. The Cerrado, Amazon and Caatinga biomes hold about 40%, 30% and 20% of the unprotected AGC, respectively. Effective conservation of protected and unprotected carbon will depend on successful implementation of the Forest Act, and regularization of land tenure in the Amazon. Policy development that prioritizes unprotected AGC stocks is warranted to promote conservation of native vegetation beyond the legal requirements. However, different biomes and land tenure structures may require different policy settings considering local and regional specifics. Finally, the fate of current AGC stocks relies upon effective implementation of command and control mechanisms, considering that unprotected AGC in native vegetation on private land only accounts for 6.5% of the total AGC stock.
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| 9. |
- Sharifyazdi, Mehdi, 1978, et al.
(författare)
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Capacity Allocation and Pricing for Take-or-Pay Reservation Contracts
- 2014
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Ingår i: Operations Research Proceedings 2012. - Berlin : Springer-Verlag Berlin. - 0721-5924. - 9783319007953 ; , s. 395-400
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper uses a bi-level optimization model to formulate a specific type of capacity reservation contracts, namely take-or-pay contracts, where a buyer reserves a portion of a supplier’s capacity before demand is realized with discounted price. At first, we formulate the lower-level problem and solve a non-linear optimization model where a buyer decides on the amount of capacity to be reserved given the discounted and normal unit capacity price, demand probability distribution and maximum available capacity. Afterwards, we construct the upper-level model where there are a supplier and multiple buyers and the supplier must choose the discounted price and maximum available capacity for each of the buyers. Enforced by the behaviour of the model, we create a bi-level real-valued genetic algorithm to find good solutions for the model.
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| 10. |
- Englund, Oskar, 1982, et al.
(författare)
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Legislative Readiness for RED
- 2011
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- An analysis of the legislative readiness among exporting countries to produce biofuels in compliance with the sustainability criteria in the EU Renewable Energy Directive
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