| 1. |
- Eneman, Marie, 1969
(författare)
-
Developing child protection strategies: a critical study of offenders’ use of information technology for the sexual exploitation of children
- 2010
-
Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The overall aim of this thesis is to critically explore offenders’ use of information technology for the sexual exploitation of children, focusing upon child abusive material and grooming, in relation to the societal response, i.e. legal and technological regulation models. The following aspects are highlighted (i) How can offenders’ use of information technology for child abusive material and grooming be understood in relation to current regulation models? (i) What alternative models for regulation of child abusive material and grooming could be proposed? (iii) What are the implications of applying a critical approach? The motivation for conducting this research has been to contribute, with empirically based research, to the development of effective child protection strategies in relation to child abusive material and grooming. The empirical material used in this thesis consists of court and police records and interviews with offenders. The result shows that offenders’ use of information technology for child abusive material and grooming is more complex and multifaceted than current regulation models have managed to envisage. It has been recognized that the offenders are aware of the illegality in their activities and thus the risk of being observed by law enforcement and have therefore developed different technological and social strategies to be able to continue with their criminal activities. Therefore, this thesis suggests that existing regulation models such as law and the use of technology for filtering should be re-evaluated and that further dimensions such as norms and markets should be considered.
|
|
| 2. |
- Eneman, Marie, 1969
(författare)
-
’Age restriction on social media’ as an attempt to protect children in the digital society – what dilemmas could be identified from the child´s perspective?
- 2016
-
Ingår i: IAMCR 2016 Conference - Children's and Young People's Rights in the Digital Age.
-
Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The Swedish government is currently preparing the introduction of age restriction for social media. The age restriction risk being as high as 16 years. In reality, this means that children will be put in a situation were they need to ask their parent for permission to use social media such as for example Facebook, Instagram, Snapchat. The Swedish response is based upon the agreement reached by the European Parliament and Council on the data protection reform proposed by the Commission. They argue that the reform is an essential step to strengthen citizens' fundamental rights in the digital age and describes the specific protection for children as follows: The Regulation recognizes that children deserve specific protection of their personal data, as they may be less aware of risks, consequences, safeguards and their rights in relation to the processing of personal data. For instance, they benefit from a clearer right to be forgotten. When it comes to information society services offered directly to a child, the Regulation foresees that consent for processing the data of a child must be given or authorized by the holder of the parental responsibility over the child. The age threshold is for Member States to define within a range of 13 to 16 years. The aim of this specific provision aims at protecting children from being pressured to share personal data without fully realizing the consequences. It will not to stop teenagers from using the Internet to get information, advice, education etc. Moreover, the Regulation specifies that the consent of the holder of parental responsibility should not be necessary in the context of preventive or counselling services offered directly to a child. This study will focus upon the child’s perspective on the suggestion of introducing age restrictions on social media as an attempt to strengthen the protection of children in the digital society and discuss potential dilemmas. Focus groups will be conducted within this study.
|
|
| 3. |
|
|
| 4. |
- Eneman, Marie, 1969, et al.
(författare)
-
Governmental Surveillance - The balance between security and privacy
- 2020
-
Ingår i: UK Academy for Information Systems Conference Proceedings 2020.
-
Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- The increased digitalisation of society and recent developments in AI is laying the ground for surveillance capabilities of a magnitude we have not seen before. Surveillance can be conducted by several different actors in society, this project focuses on the Swedish police currently using a large ensemble of surveillance technologies. Earlier this year, significant legislative changes governing the police authorities use of digital surveillance were enacted. These changes mean that the police now have been given an extended mandate to use digital surveillance as part of their professional practice, which places demands on balanced decisions and informed responsibility. On the one hand, the police have an interest to use digital surveillance to increase efficiency and security in society; on the other hand, the police must balance their interests with citizen’s so-called integrity-interests and right to privacy. This study will therefore examine to what extent the Swedish Police Authority pay attention to questions such as integrity and privacy when introducing digital surveillance. The study is guided by the following questions: (i) What opportunities can be related to the implementation and use of digital surveillance in police work? (ii) What kind of challenges do the increasing use of digital surveillance create between organisational governance, police officers’ work practice, and the integrity of citizens - and how do the police tackle these challenges? Theoretically, we draw on the established research fields on surveillance and privacy and empirically this study is designed as a qualitative study of the Swedish Police as our main case.
|
|
| 5. |
- Eneman, Marie, 1969
(författare)
-
Crime investigations of ‘child abuse material’ - Challenges and opportunities posed by digital technology
- 2020
-
Ingår i: Proceedings of the Association of Internet Researchers, Dublin, Ireland.. - : University of Illinois Libraries.
-
Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- The increased digitalisation of society has profoundly changed the circumstances for people with a sexual interest in children to engage in the production, distribution and consumption of child abuse material. In addition, digital technologies enable contact and communication with other like-minded individuals sharing the same sexual interest in children and also facilitate new forms of getting in contact with children (potential victims). Child abuse material (sometimes also referred to as child pornography) refers to documented material depicting the sexual abuse and/or sexual exploitation of a child (or children). The overall purpose with this study is to explore the practices where crime investigations of child abuse material occur within the Swedish police authority. This research in progress paper will reflect on what challenges and opportunities police officers do encounter when investigating child abuse material in relation to digital technologies? The involved technology will be investigated in relation to technological affordance and empirically the study is based upon qualitative interviews with police officers.
|
|
| 6. |
|
|
| 7. |
- Eneman, Marie, 1969
(författare)
-
Access Blocking of Child Abusive Material: Evaluation of the Swedish Practice
- 2012
-
Ingår i: Conference Proceedings of the 4th International Symposium on Children at Risk and in Need of Protection.
-
Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- The distribution of child abusive material through information technology (IT) constitutes a serious and growing challenge for law enforcement agencies, due to technological innovations. The same technology can however also be used as powerful disciplinary tools to regulate, police and prevent criminal behaviour. One topical example where technology is used to control users behaviour can be found in Internet service providers’ (ISPs) implementation of filtering systems to prevent and block access to child abusive material. In recent years a number of national law enforcement agencies have developed cooperation with the Internet industry to tackle, more effectively, the distribution of child abusive material by combining legal and technological regulation models. The number of ISPs introducing filtering systems is growing and it is expected that this trend will grow even more in the near future. COSPOL Internet Related Child Abusive Material Project (CIRCAMP), a European Commission-funded network of law enforcement agencies across Europe including Europol and Interpol, has formulated the following four primary aims of ISPs’ domain-based filtering of pre-identified websites containing child abusive material to: (i) prevent the re-victimization of children; (ii) prevent the illegal distribution of material and the files; (iii) prevent the illegal display of abuse material and reduce the harm to the general population while informing the public of the extent of the problem; and (iv) prevent access to child abuse material and thus limiting the ‘‘market’’, reducing the need for new production. A number of countries are currently members of the CIRCAMP network. The filtering approaches differ somewhat, however, between the countries. In Sweden the practice is based upon voluntarily cooperation between the police and ISPs, where filtering technology is used to block access to pre-identified websites at domain level. The IT Crime Section at the Swedish National Criminal Police is responsible for and compiles the list used by the ISPs. The compiled list of domains is based on Swedish national legislation regarding child pornography. When a user is trying to access a website that has been blacklisted the user is directed automatically to a so-called ‘‘stop page’’. The displayed stop page contains information that the requested website is blocked due to illegal content and informs the user how to submit complaints about the specific websites blocked. All complaints are directed to the IT Crime Section at the Swedish National Criminal Police and will lead to the domain being re-investigated. Designing regulation is a complex issue, not without certain problems and critics. Although most people would agree that child abusive material should be regulated through legislation, critical voices have been raised about technological regulation attempts such as ISP filtering systems. One of the main arguments in the debate regarding this controversial issue is that Internet filtering is a form of censorship associated primarily with oppressive regimes, for example Saudi Arabia and Iran, and constitutes a threat to important civil liberties such as freedom of expression and privacy. Freedom of expression and privacy have been in the focus of the civil liberties and technology debate for more than a century. One could, however, argue that they should not be considered as absolute rights and that an acceptable balance has to be found between different rights, such as the right of the child not to be sexually exploited or abused. Even though a number of academic studies are available about Internet filtering little academic research exists in relation to ISP filtering of websites containing child abusive material. A critique often used in the debate about Internet filtering is that filtering mechanisms suffer from overblocking, i.e. they block access to more content than they should. This argument is used commonly in the debate about ISP filtering of child abusive material. This paper will present the result from a recent analysis of the Swedish blocking list and its wider practice. The author has conducted an analysis of the Swedish blocking list in relation to current Swedish legal definition of child pornography to evaluate whether the list suffers from either underblocking and/or overblocking and discusses the current practice. In addition interviews have been conducted with actors within the Swedish law enforcement and from Swedish Internet Industry. This paper contributes to the debate of this topical issue, and thereby aims to support policy developments in relation to technological regulation of child abusive material.
|
|
| 8. |
- Eneman, Marie, 1969
(författare)
-
Blockering av barnpornografisajter ingen lösning
- 2005
-
Ingår i: SVT Debattartikel.
-
Tidskriftsartikel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Blockeringen av barnpornografisajter som tex Telia vill införa riskerar att "gömma" problemet. De svartlistade sajterna med barnpornografi finns kvar, även om vissa internetleverantörer blockerar åtkomsten till dem. Samtidigt kommer blockeringen inte åt de fildelningsprogram som i stor utsträckning används för att komma åt och sprida barnpornografi, skriver forskaren Marie Eneman.
|
|
| 9. |
- Eneman, Marie, 1969, et al.
(författare)
-
Criminalising Fantasies: The Regulation of Virtual Child Pornography
- 2009
-
Ingår i: Proceedings of the 17th European Conference on Information Systems.
-
Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Law enforcement agencies are currently concerned with the increasing availability of virtual child pornography. Virtual child pornography refers to computer-generated images where no real child is involved, but which nevertheless raise important ethical and legal issues. There is an ongoing debate whether the possession of virtual child pornography should be criminalised. As this paper will show the criminalisation of such images is a controversial issue with arguments for and against making it a criminal offence. This paper aims to contribute to the debate by offering a definition of virtual child pornography and considering the legal and policy arguments that are put forward as justifications for the regulation of such material. This paper contributes to the theoretical field of critical information systems research by highlighting how the main interest of critical research, namely emancipation can be furthered or hindered by legal developments. We will explore how the idea of emancipation can be applied in the area of virtual child pornography. Furthermore the paper aims to contribute to the debate of this topical issue and thereby support policy developments on a national and international level.
|
|
| 10. |
- Eneman, Marie, 1969
(författare)
-
Eneman, M. (2009) Counter-Surveillance Strategies Adopted by Child Pornographers
- 2009
-
Ingår i: International Journal of Technology and Human Interaction. ; 5(4), s. 1-18
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- On the one side, it could be argued that ICT provide a perceived anonymity for people downloading and distributing child abusive material, also labelled child pornography. While, on the other side the technology offers powerful surveillance mechanisms to monitor these activities and thus constitutes a powerful tool for law enforcement. This paper aims to explore how offenders manage the risk of surveillance when downloading, distributing and exchanging child abusive material. Critical research with a focus on panopticon is used as a theoretical framework. The data is drawn from interviews with offenders, convicted of child pornography. The findings show that the offenders have developed technological and social strategies to reduce the risk of surveillance and addresses the need of a new theoretical concept better adjusted to surveillance practices that allow the many to watch the many. The ultimate motivation for researching this topic is to contribute to the development of effective child protection strategies.
|
|
