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- Waltman, Max
(författare)
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Prohibiting Sex Purchasing and Ending Trafficking : The Swedish Prostitution Law
- 2011
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Ingår i: Michigan Journal of International Law. - 1052-2867. ; 33:1, s. 133-157
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The Swedish prostitution law from 1999, now followed by Norway and Iceland, criminalized the purchaser and decriminalized the prostituted person. This is analyzed as a cogent state response under international trafficking law, particularly to the obligations set forth in the United Nation’s Trafficking Protocol from 2000. The Protocol states that a person is regarded a trafficking victim when, e.g., someone abuses her “position of vulnerability” in order to exploit her. International jurisprudence and social evidence strongly suggest that prostitution, as practiced in the world, usually satisfies this definition. Further, the Protocol urges states to reduce the demand for prostitution and to protect and assist victims, for instance by adopting laws deterring purchasers of sex, and by supporting those exploited in prostitution. Policy makers, such as the U.S. Department of State, are criticized for taking an inadequate position in face of the growing evidence from the Swedish law's impact.The article shows that Sweden has significantly reduced the occurrence of trafficking in Sweden compared to neighboring countries. It also scrutinizes some misinformation of the law's impact, showing for instance that claims alleging a more dangerous situation for those still in prostitution after 1999 were unfounded. In addition, the article addresses remaining obstacles to the law's effective implementation, arguing that in order to realize the law's full potential to support escape from trafficking, the civil rights of prostituted persons under current law should be strengthened to enable them to claim damages directly from the purchasers for the harm to which they have contributed, and for the violation of the prostituted persons' equality and dignity - a position now recognized by the government to some extent by clarifying amendments made in 2011.
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| 2. |
- Parsa, Amin, 1985-, et al.
(författare)
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Legal Tech, the Law Firm and the Imagination of the Right Legal Answer
- 2023
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Ingår i: Law and Critique. - Dordrecht : Springer. - 0957-8536 .- 1572-8617. ; 34:3, s. 381-394
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Legal tech is growing, and its growth provokes anxieties about the future of the legal profession as such. In this article, we examine the impact of legal tech on the central role of lawyers at law firms in crafting an imagined ‘right legal answer’ by drawing on Duncan Kennedy’s suggestion that a claim to the rightness of one’s legal propositions is a central characteristic of the legal profession. We first ask how changes in the organisation of legal services affect the ability of lawyers at law firms to produce that ‘right legal answer’. While legal tech only exacerbates already ongoing processes of eradication of routine tasks, we find that it continues to mask the role of ideology in arriving at a right legal answer under a new layer of technological projection. Second, we ask how lawyers’ ability to produce ‘the right legal answer’ is affected by, first, expert systems and, second, a legal tech application named Bryter, representing a no-code system. We find that expert systems do not permit to uphold the unity of the lawyer required for Kennedy’s model of the right legal answer, but that no-code systems as Bryter do so. No-code systems can be reduced to a slogan: Have the lawyer, but evict her ideological temptations more efficiently than before!© 2023, The Author(s).
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| 3. |
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| 4. |
- Waltman, Max
(författare)
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Rethinking democracy : legal challenges to pornography and sex inequality in Canada and the United States
- 2010
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Ingår i: Political research quarterly. - Salt Lake City : SAGE Publications. - 1065-9129 .- 1938-274X. ; 63:1, s. 218-237
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Why are democracies unresponsive to well-documented injuries in the production and by the consumption of pornography? Legal challenges to pornography in Canada and the United States in which sexual subordination, not moral notions of "obscenity," were the driving rationale, show democracies inadequately recognizing gender-specific harms. Changes in Canadian obscenity doctrines to account for harm and inequality, in contrast with the U.S. reign of "free speech," did not deliver a corresponding change on the ground. Developments in democratic theory, international law, and the particular U.S.–Canadian legal trajectory, and consideration of the void of institutions articulating the interests of those victimized in and by pornography, suggest the need to adopt empowering civil remedies.
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| 5. |
- Parsa, Amin, 1985-
(författare)
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Targeting in International Law : Counterinsurgency and the Legal Materiality of the Principle of Distinction
- 2023
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Bok (refereegranskat)abstract
- This book is about how distinctions are drawn between civilians and combatants in modern warfare and how the legal principle of distinction depends on the technical means through which combatants make themselves visibly distinguishable from civilians.The author demonstrates that technologies of visualisation have always been part of the operation of the principle of distinction, arguing that the military uniform sustained the legal categories of civilian and combatant and actively set the boundaries of permissible and prohibited targeting, and so legal and illegal killing. Drawing upon insights from the theory of legal materiality, visual studies, critical fashion studies, and a dozen of military manuals he shows that far from being passive objects of regulation, these technologies help to draw the boundaries of the legitimate target.With its attention to the co-productive relationship between law, technologies of visualisation and legitimation of violence, this book will be relevant to a large community of researchers in international law, international relations, critical military studies, contemporary counterinsurgency operations and the sociology of law. © 2024 Amin Parsa.
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| 6. |
- Waltman, Max
(författare)
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Prohibiting Purchase of Sex in Sweden : Impact, Obstacles, Potential, and Supporting Escape
- 2010
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This paper analyzes the core reasons for the Swedish law from 1999 which criminalizes purchase of sex and decriminalizes the prostituted person, passed as part of an omnibus bill against violence against women and recognizing prostitution as a form of it. Further, it documents the law’s impact by comparing data from several recent Swedish studies with the situation in other relevant countries, concluding the law has significantly reduced the occurrence of prostitution manifolds compared to its neighboring countries. Crucial obstacles to effective implementation are also addressed, particularly in current case law. Some of the critique against the law and disinformation about the law’s effects are also commented. Finally, to realize its full potential to support escape from prostitution more efficiently, it is argued that the civil rights of prostituted persons under current law should be strengthened to get damages paid for directly by the tricks/johns for the harm they have contributed to. An additional consideration is for individual states to extend the use of the Palermo Protocol (international law acknowledging connections between prostitution and sex trafficking) to charge tricks for trafficking when they “receive” persons who are effectively pimped.
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| 7. |
- Keshavarz, Mahmoud, et al.
(författare)
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Targeted by Persuasion : Military uniforms and the legal matter of killing in war
- 2019
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Ingår i: Law Text Culture. - Wollongong, NSW : Legal Intersections Research Centre. - 1322-9060. ; 23, s. 223-239
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In this paper, we argue that the legitimation of killing in war is not simply formed by adherence to certainlegal requirements that exist apart from and prior to war; instead, we suggest, the law of armed conflict initself cannot but operate through admitting certain materials onto the battlefield as distinctively legalmaterials. Using the theory of legal materiality, we show that the military uniform is a legal material thatmakes the legal matter of legitimate targeting intelligible to law. This process happens through the waysin which the uniform shapes the possibility of visual recognition and differentiation in order to makecertain bodies targetable and others not targetable. We refer to this visual recognition and differentiationas a domain of persuasion. We show that the historical, functional and visual attributes of the uniform, asa design artefact, produce a convincing domain of distinction for the attacking agent. Finally, we turn toinsurgency, arguing that the legal matter of targeting is shaped not only by the presence, use andmanipulation of this legal material but also by the absence of it.
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| 8. |
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| 9. |
- Parsa, Amin, 1985-, et al.
(författare)
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Legislative arts : interplays of art and law
- 2022
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Ingår i: Journal of Aesthetics & Culture. - Abingdon : Taylor & Francis. - 2000-4214. ; 14:1
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The relation of law and art is conventionally understood through a disciplinary divide that presents art as an instrument of legal practice and scholarship or, alternatively, presents law as potential context for artistic engagement. Moving beyond disciplinary definitions, in this article we explore how art and law, as modes of ordering and action in the world, often overlap in their respective desires to engage existing material orders. Whereas law's claim of producing order appears self-evident, we try to highlight, through a concept of legislative arts, the often-overlooked similar function of artistic practices. At the heart of what we refer to as legislative arts are practices that aim to challenge law's claim of authority in ordering social life through tactical combinations of elements of art and law. In examining a set of examples that include the Tamms Year Ten campaign to close a super-max prison in the United States, the work of Forensic Architecture and practices of passport forgery, we aim to highlight the possibility of manifesting social orders beyond an exclusive reliance upon state laws. Pointing to the potentials of such legislative arts practices, this article suggests that the material ordering quality of artistic and legal practices can, and perhaps should, be weaponized for challenging and remaking the world of unjust state laws.
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| 10. |
- Parsa, Amin, et al.
(författare)
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Logistics of Participation in International Law
- 2019
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Ingår i: Backstage Practices of Transnational Law. - Abingdon : Routledge. - 9780367086572
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Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This chapter explores logistics of participation as a backstage practice of international law’s knowledge production. For its purpose logistics of participation refers to material conditions of possibility of part taking. Taking essay as its form this chapter ties together seemingly dispersed threads in order to reveal how and through what practices scholars of the South are overburdened to participate and as the result the western academia retains its hegemonic presence in knowledge production of international law. The main focus of this chapter is the global visa regime as the most materially tangible technology of impeding the participation of scholars of the South in the scholarly events of international law. It will be argued that the visa regime, alongside other factors, determines the composition of international law events, limits diversity of expressions and experiences and subsequently shape international law by delimiting the scoop of the thinkable in this academic discipline.
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