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Sökning: hsv:(SAMHÄLLSVETENSKAP) hsv:(Juridik) > Linköpings universitet > Ansell Ricky

  • Resultat 1-7 av 7
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1.
  • Ansell, Ricky, et al. (författare)
  • Interpretation of DNA Evidence: Implications of Thresholds Used in the Forensic Laboratory
  • 2014
  • Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
    • Evaluation of forensic evidence is a process lined with decisions and balancing, not infrequently with a substantial deal of subjectivity. Already at the crime scene a lot of decisions have to be made about search strategies, the amount of evidence and traces recovered, later prioritised and sent further to the forensic laboratory etc. Within the laboratory there must be several criteria (often in terms of numbers) on how much and what parts of the material should be analysed. In addition there is often a restricted timeframe for delivery of a statement to the commissioner, which in reality might influence on the work done. The path of DNA evidence from the recovery of a trace at the crime scene to the interpretation and evaluation made in court involves several decisions based on cut-offs of different kinds. These include quality assurance thresholds like limits of detection and quantitation, but also less strictly defined thresholds like upper limits on prevalence of alleles not observed in DNA databases. In a verbal scale of conclusions there are lower limits on likelihood ratios for DNA evidence above which the evidence can be said to strongly support, very strongly support, etc. a proposition about the source of the evidence. Such thresholds may be arbitrarily chosen or based on logical reasoning with probabilities. However, likelihood ratios for DNA evidence depend strongly on the population of potential donors, and this may not be understood among the end-users of such a verbal scale. Even apparently strong DNA evidence against a suspect may be reported on each side of a threshold in the scale depending on whether a close relative is part of the donor population or not. In this presentation we review the use of thresholds and cut-offs in DNA analysis and interpretation and investigate the sensitivity of the final evaluation to how such rules are defined. In particular we show what are the effects of cut-offs when multiple propositions about alternative sources of a trace cannot be avoided, e.g. when there are close relatives to the suspect with high propensities to have left the trace. Moreover, we discuss the possibility of including costs (in terms of time or money) for a decision-theoretic approach in which expected values of information could be analysed.
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2.
  • Nordgaard, Anders, 1962-, et al. (författare)
  • Assessment of forensic findings when alternative explanations have different likelihoods—“Blame-the-brother”-syndrome
  • 2012
  • Ingår i: Science & justice. - : Elsevier. - 1355-0306 .- 1876-4452. ; 52:4, s. 226-236
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Assessment of forensic findings with likelihood ratios is for several cases straightforward, but there are a number of situations where contemplation of the alternative explanation to the evidence needs consideration, in particular when it comes to the reporting of the evidentiary strength. The likelihood ratio approach cannot be directly applied to cases where the proposition alternative to the forwarded one is a set of multiple propositions with different likelihoods and different prior probabilities. Here we present a general framework based on the Bayes' factor as the quantitative measure of evidentiary strength from which it can be deduced whether the direct application of a likelihood ratio is reasonable or not. The framework is applied on DNA evidence in forms of an extension to previously published work. With the help of a scale of conclusions we provide a solution to the problem of communicating to the court the evidentiary strength of a DNA match when a close relative to the suspect has a non-negligible prior probability of being the source of the DNA.
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3.
  • Nordgaard, Anders, 1962-, et al. (författare)
  • ’Blame the brother’-Assessment of forensic DNA evidence when alternative explanations have different likelihoods
  • 2011
  • Ingår i: Book of Abstracts. ; , s. 196-
  • Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
    • In a crime case where a suspect is assumed to be the donor of a recovered stain, forensic DNA evidence presented in terms of a likelihood ratio is a clear course as long as the set of alternative donors contains no close relative of the suspect, since the latter has a higher likelihood than has an individual unrelated to the suspect. The state-of-art today at several laboratories is to report the likelihood ratio but with a reservation stating its lack of validity if the stain originates from a close relative. Buckleton et al[†] derived a so-called extended likelihood ratio for reporting DNA evidence values when a full sibling is present in the set of potential alternative donors. This approach requires consideration of prior probabilities for each of the alternative donors to be the source of the stain and may therefore be problematic to apply in practice. Here we present an alternative way of using prior probabilities in the extended likelihood ratio when the latter is reported on an ordinal scale of conclusions. Our example show that for a 12 STR-marker profile using the extended likelihood ratio approach would not imply a change in the level reported compared to the ordinary likelihood ratio approach, unless the close relative has a very high prior probability of being the donor compared to an unrelated individual.[†] Buckleton JS, Triggs CM, Champod C., Science & Justice 46: 69-78. 
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5.
  • Nordgaard, Anders, 1962-, et al. (författare)
  • Scale of conclusions for the value of evidence
  • 2012
  • Ingår i: Law, Probability and Risk. - Oxford : Oxford University Press. - 1470-8396 .- 1470-840X. ; 11:1, s. 1-24
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Scales of conclusion in forensic interpretation play an important role in the interface between scientific work at a forensic laboratory and different bodies of the jurisdictional system of a country. Of particular importance is the use of a unified scale that allows interpretation of different kinds of evidence in one common framework. The logical approach to forensic interpretation comprises the use of the likelihood ratio as a measure of evidentiary strength. While fully understood by forensic scientists, the likelihood ratio may be hard to interpret for a person not trained in natural sciences or mathematics. Translation of likelihood ratios to an ordinal scale including verbal counterparts of the levels is therefore a necessary procedure for communicating evidence values to the police and in the courtroom. In this paper, we present a method to develop an ordinal scale for the value of evidence that can be applied to any type of forensic findings. The method is built on probabilistic reasoning about the interpretation of findings and the number of scale levels chosen is a compromise between a pragmatic limit and mathematically well-defined distances between levels. The application of the unified scale is illustrated by a number of case studies.
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6.
  • Sidstedt, Maja, et al. (författare)
  • Digital PCR inhibition mechanisms using standardized inhibitors representing soil and blood matrices
  • 2016
  • Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
    • Digital PCR (dPCR) enables absolute quantification of nucleic acids by partitioning the sample into hundreds or thousands of minute reactions. By assuming a Poisson distribution for the number of DNA fragments present in each chamber, the DNA concentrationis determined without the need for a standard curve. However, when analyzing nucleic acids from complex matrices such as soil and blood, the dPCR quantification can be biased due to the presence of inhibitory compounds. Here, we present how certain inhibitors disturb dPCR quantification and suggest solutions to these problems. Furthermore, we use real-time PCR, dPCR and isothermal titration calorimetry as tools to elucidate the mechanisms underlying the PCR inhibition. The impact of impurities on dPCR quantification was studied using humic acid as a model inhibitor. We show that the inhibitor-tolerance differs greatly for three different DNA polymerases, illustrating the importance of choosing a DNA polymerase-buffer system that is compatible with the samples to be analysed. Various inhibitory-substances from blood were found to disturb the system in different ways. For example, hemoglobin was found to cause quenching of fluorescence and a dramatic decrease of the number of positive reactions, leading to an underestimation of DNA quantity. IgG caused an increased number of late-starters. The system was more susceptible to inhibition by IgG when single-stranded DNA was used as template, compared with double-stranded DNA. By understanding more about the mechanisms of PCR inhibitors it will be possible to design more optimal PCR chemistries, improving dPCR detection and quantification.
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7.
  • Tuazon, Oliver M., et al. (författare)
  • Law enforcement use of genetic genealogy databases in criminal investigations: Nomenclature, definition and scope
  • 2024
  • Ingår i: Forensic Science International: Synergy. - : Elsevier. - 2589-871X. ; 8, s. 100460-100460
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Although law enforcement use of commercial genetic genealogy databases has gained prominence since the arrest of the Golden State Killer in 2018, and it has been used in hundreds of cases in the United States and more recently in Europe and Australia, it does not have a standard nomenclature and scope. We analyzed the more common terms currently being used and propose a common nomenclature: investigative forensic genetic genealogy (iFGG). We define iFGG as the use by law enforcement of genetic genealogy combined with traditional genealogy to generate suspect investigational leads from forensic samples in criminal investigations. We describe iFGG as a proper subset of forensic genetic genealogy, that is, FGG as applied by law enforcement to criminal investigations; hence, investigative FGG or iFGG. We delineate its steps, compare and contrast it with other investigative techniques involving genetic evidence, and contextualize its use within criminal investigations. This characterization is a critical input to future studies regarding the legal status of iFGG and its implications on the right to genetic privacy.
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