| 1. |
- Strand, Susanne, 1972-, et al.
(author)
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Comparison of HCR-20 scores in violent mentally disordered men and women : Gender differences and similarities
- 2001
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In: Psychology, Crime and Law. - : Harwood Academic. - 1068-316X .- 1477-2744. ; 7:1, s. 71-79
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Retrospective risk assessments based on the HCR-20 violence risk assessment scheme were performed on 63 female patients and 85 male patients at two special forensic psychiatric hospitals. The aim was to compare risk factors for violence in mentally disordered women with their male counterparts, and to study to what extent the HCR-20, which is mainly based on research on men, can be used in a female forensic psychiatric population. The results show that the HCR-20 displays very similar risk factors for violence in women as in men, but the nature of violence is somewhat different between the sexes. Implications of the findings are discussed.
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| 2. |
- Belfrage, Henrik, et al.
(author)
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Management of violent behaviour in the correctional system using qualified risk assessments.
- 2004
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In: Legal and Criminological Psychology. - : Wiley-Blackwell. - 1355-3259 .- 2044-8333. ; 9:1, s. 11-22
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Purpose. This study focused on whether institutional violence in a maximum-security correctional institution could be prevented using comprehensive risk assessments followed by adequate risk management. And, could this be shown by a decrease in risk factors for violence according to the HCR-20 Risk Assessment Scheme in the study group? Methods. Offenders with a history of violent criminality were subject to real-life assessments using the HCR-20 Risk Assessment Scheme. The assessments were followed by discussions with members of staff, in which risk management strategies were designed. Thus, the members of staff were fully aware of every inmate's personality characteristics (e.g. psychiatric diagnoses), what risk factors for violence they displayed, and how best to manage those risk factors. With the aim of evaluating the possible effects of our interventions, approximately one third of the study group was reassessed after a mean of 12 months. Results. The follow-up showed no significant decrease in important risk factors for violence in the study group. However, the number of violent incidents showed a remarkable decrease during the study period. Conclusions. Not being able to reduce important risk factors for violence does not necessarily mean that one cannot decrease the risk for, or the incidence of, violence. This study indicates that proper and adequate risk management, using the best protective factors available, can reduce violence even though important risk factors cannot be decreased. The study also supports the theoretical assumption that changes in risk factors are more possible in some populations (e.g. general psychiatric) than in others (e.g. correctional) depending on the nature of the study group and the risk factors that are at hand (e.g. dynamic vs. static). This seems to be important to bear in mind when performing evaluation research using risk assessment instruments.
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| 3. |
- Belfrage, Henrik, et al.
(author)
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Prediction of violence using the HCR-20 : a prospective study in two maximum-security correctional institutions
- 2000
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In: Journal of forensic psychiatry (Print). - : Routledge. - 0958-5184 .- 1469-9478. ; 11:1, s. 167-175
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The HCR-20 and the PCL:SV were used in a prospective study of 41 long-term sentenced offenders in two correctional, maximum-security institutions. The aim was to test the validity of these instruments in the prediction of institutional violence. All assessments were made by a comprehensive examination of the offenders' files, completed with clinical interviews ranging from 1 to 3 hours. The mean follow-up time was 8 months. Our results show high predictive validity for the HCR-20's clinical and risk management items, but for almost none of its historical items. The results suggest that violence inside correctional institutions can be predicted with a certain degree of validity by using the HCR-20 and the PCL:SV, even within a selective 'high-risk' group of offenders such as that under study here.
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| 4. |
- Douglas, S Kevin, et al.
(author)
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Reliability and validity evaluation of the psychopathy checklist: Screening version (PCL : SV) in Swedish correctional and forensic psychiatric samples
- 2005
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In: Assessment. - : SAGE Publications. - 1552-3489 .- 1073-1911. ; 12:2, s. 145-161
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- This study evaluated the structural reliability, construct-related validity, and cultural validity generalization of the Hare Psychopathy Checklist: Screening Version (PCL:SV) in a sample of more than 560 male and female Swedish forensic psychiatric treatment patients, forensic evaluation patients, and criminal offenders. Structural reliability was excellent for most indices. PCL:SV scores were higher for males than females for total and Part 1 scores (interpersonal/affective features) but not for Part 2 (behavioral features). With some exceptions, PCL:SV scores were meaningfully related to aggression to others, a measure of risk for violence, substance use problems, personality disorder (positive), and psychosis (negative). Correlations between PCL:SV and aggression were larger for females than males, although the difference was smaller when personality disorder was held constant. The structural reliability and pattern of validity coefficients were comparable in these Swedish samples to other non-North American samples. Implications for the cross-cultural manifestation and correlates of psychopathy are discussed.
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| 5. |
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| 6. |
- Storey, Jennifer, et al.
(author)
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Assessment and Management of Risk for Intimate Partner Violence by Police Officers. Using the Brief Spousal Assault Form for the Evaluation of Risk (B-SAFER).
- 2014
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In: Criminal justice and behavior. - : SAGE Publications. - 0093-8548 .- 1552-3594. ; 41:2, s. 256-271
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The management of intimate partner violence (IPV) typically falls to police. For assistance, officers are increasingly using violence risk assessment tools like the Brief Spousal Assault Form for the Evaluation of Risk (B-SAFER). This study replicates the methodology of Belfrage et al. but examines the B-SAFER as used by Swedish police officers when assessing and managing IPV. Results revealed a positive relationship between risk and management. Total scores and overall risk ratings predicted recidivism (AUC [Area under the curve] = .70 and .69, respectively). Finally, a pattern where management recommendations were associated with decreased recidivism in high risk perpetrators but increased recidivism in low risk perpetrators was found. Results validate the use of the B-SAFER by police and reveal mostly comparable findings between the B-SAFER and the Spousal Assault Risk Assessment Guide, as examined by Belfrage et al., but suggest that the B-SAFER may be better suited for police.
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| 7. |
- Strand, Susanne, et al.
(author)
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Clinical and risk management facotrs in risk prediction of mentally disordered offenders - More important than historical data? : A retrospective study of 40 mentally disordered offenders assessed with the HCR-20 violence risk assessment scheme
- 1999
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In: Legal and Criminological Psychology. - : Wiley. - 1355-3259 .- 2044-8333. ; 4:1, s. 67-76
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Purpose. The predictive validity of the risk prediction instrument HCR-20 was studied. Methods. Two matched groups of discharged forensic psychiatric patients, one who had recidivated into violent criminality and the other not, were assessed with the HCR-20. This was done retrospective and blind to the outcome. Results. The results show an overall high predictive validity (AUC = .80). However, historical data had none, or a low, validity while clinical and risk management data had a very high validity. Conclusions. One of the most interesting findings in this study is that clinical and risk management factors came out as more predictive of future violence than historical factors, which is very much contrary to findings in past research. We think that one has to bear in mind that both clinical and risk management factors are heavily influenced by historical information. Thus, historical data are probably as important as is generally shown in follow-up studies of violence in various offender groups. However, using the HCR-20, which allows systematic and reliable coding of clinical and risk management factors, seems to make it possible to use these factors more successfully than has been hitherto possible.
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| 8. |
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| 9. |
- Strand, Susanne, et al.
(author)
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Gender differences in psychopathy in a Swedish offender sample
- 2005
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In: Behavioral sciences & the law (Print). - : Wiley. - 0735-3936 .- 1099-0798. ; 23:6, s. 837-850
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- In this study we examined gender differences in the PCL:SV employing a variety of statistical methods with two subsets of psychopathic individuals drawn from larger samples of 129 female and 499 male Swedish offenders. The larger samples included forensic psychiatric patients, forensic psychiatric evaluees and criminal offenders. We found gender differences in antisocial behavior, as defined in factor 2 of the PCL:SV, with female psychopaths (PCL:SV ≥ 18) displaying significantly more lying, deceitfulness and lack of control, while male psychopaths were more antisocial as measured by the PCL:SV. We conclude that it might be meaningful to use gender specific definitions in the assessment of psychopathy or, alternatively, slightly revise the diagnostic tools. Our results support the use of the three-factor model of the PCL-R and PCL:SV introduced by Cooke and Michie (2001) in female populations.
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