| 1. |
- Waltman, Max
(författare)
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Prohibiting Purchase of Sex in Sweden : Impact, Obstacles, Potential, and Supporting Escape
- 2010
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This paper analyzes the core reasons for the Swedish law from 1999 which criminalizes purchase of sex and decriminalizes the prostituted person, passed as part of an omnibus bill against violence against women and recognizing prostitution as a form of it. Further, it documents the law’s impact by comparing data from several recent Swedish studies with the situation in other relevant countries, concluding the law has significantly reduced the occurrence of prostitution manifolds compared to its neighboring countries. Crucial obstacles to effective implementation are also addressed, particularly in current case law. Some of the critique against the law and disinformation about the law’s effects are also commented. Finally, to realize its full potential to support escape from prostitution more efficiently, it is argued that the civil rights of prostituted persons under current law should be strengthened to get damages paid for directly by the tricks/johns for the harm they have contributed to. An additional consideration is for individual states to extend the use of the Palermo Protocol (international law acknowledging connections between prostitution and sex trafficking) to charge tricks for trafficking when they “receive” persons who are effectively pimped.
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| 2. |
- Klimczuk, Andrzej, et al.
(författare)
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State of the art on ethical, legal, and social issues linked to audio-and video-based AAL solutions
- 2021
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Ambient assisted living (AAL) technologies are increasingly presented and sold as essential smart additions to daily life and home environments that will radically transform the healthcare and wellness markets of the future. An ethical approach and a thorough understanding of all ethics in surveillance/monitoring architectures are therefore pressing. AAL poses many ethical challenges raising questions that will affect immediate acceptance and long-term usage. Furthermore, ethical issues emerge from social inequalities and their potential exacerbation by AAL, accentuating the existing access gap between high-income countries (HIC) and low and middle-income countries (LMIC). Legal aspects mainly refer to the adherence to existing legal frameworks and cover issues related to product safety, data protection, cybersecurity, intellectual property, and access to data by public, private, and government bodies. Successful privacy-friendly AAL applications are needed, as the pressure to bring Internet of Things (IoT) devices and ones equipped with artificial intelligence (AI) quickly to market cannot overlook the fact that the environments in which AAL will operate are mostly private (e.g., the home). The social issues focus on the impact of AAL technologies before and after their adoption. Future AAL technologies need to consider all aspects of equality such as gender, race, age and social disadvantages and avoid increasing loneliness and isolation among, e.g. older and frail people. Finally, the current power asymmetries between the target and general populations should not be underestimated nor should the discrepant needs and motivations of the target group and those developing and deploying AAL systems. Whilst AAL technologies provide promising solutions for the health and social care challenges, they are not exempt from ethical, legal and social issues (ELSI). A set of ELSI guidelines is needed to integrate these factors at the research and development stage.
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| 3. |
- Zetterberg, Charlotta, 1960-, et al.
(författare)
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Dispens från förbud att skada naturen : Slutrapport
- 2021
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Rapport (refereegranskat)abstract
- Syftet med forskningsprojektet är att analysera hur reglerna om dispens från naturreservat, strandskydd, artskydd och det generella biotopskyddet tillämpas av länsstyrelser och (när det gäller strandskydd) kommuner. Ambitionen är att dra slutsatser om vad som främjar eller hindrar måluppfyllelse och rättssäkerhet i dispensbesluten och att ge rekommendationer om hur styrmedlen kan förbättras. En sammantagen bild av vår undersökning visar att beviljandegraden är hög vilket inte ligger i linje med själva dispensinstitutets syfte att utgöra ett undantag från en huvudregel och inte heller i linje med uttalanden i förarbeten om att prövningarna ska vara restriktiva. Studien visar för samtliga dispenstyper att det föreligger en stor variation i dispensbesluten såväl mellan länen som inom länen när det gäller hur en viss fråga hanteras, något som är svårförenligt med principer om likabehandling, konsistens och förutsebarhet. Mot bakgrund av likabehandlingsprincipen är avgörande att myndigheter i olika delar av landet, men också olika handläggare inom en och samma myndighet, behandlar lika fall på lika sätt (1 kap. 9 § RF). För att enskilda och andra berörda ska kunna förstå hur myndigheter har kommit fram till ett beslut får det ses som centralt att besluten är tydliga och transparanta. Den genomförda granskningen visar dock att det ofta är svårt att förstå hur bedömningar har genomförts samt på vilket underlag. Som påtalas i ett av delprojekten förefaller det som om vissa källor och hänvisningar på ett närmast slumpartat sätt har tagits med i besluten. Otydliga beslut är problematiska av rättssäkerhetsskäl och särskilt med beaktande av möjligheterna att överklaga beslut. Besluten bör därför i högre grad utformas så att det framgår vilket underlag besluten baseras på. I vägledningar till myndigheter kan förtydliganden göras i olika avseenden, t.ex. om vilken roll de allmänna hänsynsreglerna spelar i dispensprövningen, att kompensationsåtgärder krävs vid dispens från naturreservatsföreskrifter och att naturvärdesbedömningen sker utifrån kunskap om förhållandena i det aktuella området. Det kan innebära att besök på platsen bör ske oftare än idag. I vägledningar kan också beslutshanteringen harmoniseras och förtydligas så att den blir förutsebar och därmed mer rättssäker för olika intressenter, inte minst verksamhetsutövare. Det borde överhuvudtaget inte vara svårt att i vägledningar upprätta checklistor som beslutsfattare kan använda för att kontrollera att viktiga beslutsgrunder inte förbises. Av dispensbesluten framgår sällan att hänsyn tas till indirekta och kumulativa effekter. Med hänsyn till det stora antalet dispenser som beviljas är det rimligt att anta att den sammanlagda påverkan på naturvärden därför kan vara betydande. Utvecklandet av en landskapsplanering kan vara ett lämpligt instrument för att hantera denna brist. Planer kan ha flera viktiga funktioner. En är att ta fram och analysera information som beaktar ekologiska samband i ett större geografiskt område. En annan är att på ett tidigt stadium hantera potentiella intressekonflikter, göra prioriteringar och klargöra mål. Allt detta är till fördel vid efterföljande beslut om exempelvis dispens enligt 7 kap. MB. Förutsebarheten (rättssäkerheten) ökar.
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| 4. |
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| 5. |
- Fåhraeus, David, et al.
(författare)
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The European Health Data Space : Challenges and Opportunities
- 2024
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- In her 2020 State of the Union address, the European Commission President Ursula von der Leyen announced a new legislative proposal to create a European Health Data Space. Its aim is to make electronic health data accessible in order to support healthcare delivery, health research, innovation, effective policymaking and regulation, and personalised medicine. This European Policy Analysis examines the Commission’s proposal and its implications for patients, healthcare providers, market actors and national administrations.The analysis shows that the Commission’s Proposal has significant potential benefits for a wide range of stakeholders. However, concerns still remain regarding aspects such as the empowerment of individuals in relation to their data, adjustments that will need to be made by the healthcare sector, incentives for innovation, and trust in EU governance. At the time of writing, the European Parliament and the Council have adopted their negotiating positions. However, a number of changes are likely to be introduced before the Commission’s Proposal is agreed and can be implemented in the Member States.
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| 6. |
- Aleksic, Slavisa, et al.
(författare)
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State of the art in privacy preservation in video data
- 2022
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Active and Assisted Living (AAL) technologies and services are a possible solution to address the crucial challenges regarding health and social care resulting from demographic changes and current economic conditions. AAL systems aim to improve quality of life and support independent and healthy living of older and frail people. AAL monitoring systems are composed of networks of sensors (worn by the users or embedded in their environment) processing elements and actuators that analyse the environment and its occupants to extract knowledge and to detect events, such as anomalous behaviours, launch alarms to tele-care centres, or support activities of daily living, among others. Therefore, innovation in AAL can address healthcare and social demands while generating economic opportunities.Recently, there has been far-reaching advancements in the development of video-based devices with improved processing capabilities, heightened quality, wireless data transfer, and increased interoperability with Internet of Things (IoT) devices. Computer vision gives the possibility to monitor an environment and report on visual information, which is commonly the most straightforward and human-like way of describing an event, a person, an object, interactions and actions. Therefore, cameras can offer more intelligent solutions for AAL but they may be considered intrusive by some end users.The General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) establishes the obligation for technologies to meet the principles of data protection by design and by default. More specifically, Article 25 of the GDPR requires that organizations must "implement appropriate technical and organizational measures [...] which are designed to implement data protection principles [...] , in an effective manner and to integrate the necessary safeguards into [data] processing.” Thus, AAL solutions must consider privacy-by-design methodologies in order to protect the fundamental rights of those being monitored.Different methods have been proposed in the latest years to preserve visual privacy for identity protection. However, in many AAL applications, where mostly only one person would be present (e.g. an older person living alone), user identification might not be an issue; concerns are more related to the disclosure of appearance (e.g. if the person is dressed/naked) and behaviour, what we called bodily privacy. Visual obfuscation techniques, such as image filters, facial de-identification, body abstraction, and gait anonymization, can be employed to protect privacy and agreed upon by the users ensuring they feel comfortable.Moreover, it is difficult to ensure a high level of security and privacy during the transmission of video data. If data is transmitted over several network domains using different transmission technologies and protocols, and finally processed at a remote location and stored on a server in a data center, it becomes demanding to implement and guarantee the highest level of protection over the entire transmission and storage system and for the whole lifetime of the data. The development of video technologies, increase in data rates and processing speeds, wide use of the Internet and cloud computing as well as highly efficient video compression methods have made video encryption even more challenging. Consequently, efficient and robust encryption of multimedia data together with using efficient compression methods are important prerequisites in achieving secure and efficient video transmission and storage.
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| 7. |
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| 8. |
- Axhamn, Johan, 1979-, et al.
(författare)
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Cross-border extended collective licensing: a solution to online dissemination of Europe’s cultural heritage? : Final report prepared for EuropeanaConnect
- 2011
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- An issue which recently has gained increased attention from legislators is how to stimulate the digitization and online availability of the collections held by libraries, museums and other cultural institutions – sometimes referred to as our “common heritage” – and at the same time give full respect to established copyright norms. At European level, this attention is evident in the Digital Libraries Initiative, the Communication from the European Commission on Copyright in the Knowledge Economy, the Commission’s Digital Agenda for Europe and its recent Communication on a Single Market for Intellectual Property Rights. Inherent in these policy documents is the recognition that the new information technologies have created vast opportunities to make the common heritage of Europe more accessible for users online. It is also a shared belief that such access – if coherent with basic copyright principles – will befor the mutual benefit of users, right holders and the society at large. In line with this the Commission has supported the creation and development of a common access point for Europe’s cultural heritage, Europeana.However, several issues from a copyright perspective have to be solved before undertaking mass-digitization and online dissemination of the collections held by these institutions. One of them is how to make the said digitization and online dissemination lawful from a copyright perspective. To the extent that an item in a cultural institution’s collection is (still) protected by copyright, those acts fall under the author’s exclusive right to authorize and prohibit use of his or her work. As the administrative (“transaction”) costs of finding and negotiating an individual license with every right holder would rise to astronomical levels, there is an obvious risk that major parts of the collections will not be digitized and disseminated online. For this reason, the most practical solution would probably lie in the area of collective rights management.A way forward is the extended collective license (ECL) model as established and developed in the Nordic countries. The essential component of the ECL model is that it extends a freely negotiated agreement between a Collective Management Organization (CMO) and a user so that it binds also non-members’ rights, sometimes referred to as “outsiders’ rights”. The legal implication of this extension effect is that the agreement not only gives the user the right to use outsider’s rights without any risk of civil remedies but that that it also provides full limitation against criminal sanctions.To safeguard the outsiders’ interests, the legally supported extended effect only occurs provided that certain conditions have been met. These conditions are, mainly, outsiders’ possibility to opt out, equal treatment vis-à-vis members of the organization and receipt of remuneration. There are also conditions related to the representativeness and supervision of the eligible CMOs. The ECL model has been under consideration by the Commission as a possible solution to stimulate the digitization and online availability of the collections held by cultural institutions.An additional challenge is to make the collections available cross-border, i.e. also to other countries (territories) than the one where the cultural institution is located. It is inherent in the policy documents of the European commission and also the establishment of Europeana that there is a clear political aim to stimulate such cross-border dissemination. According to prevalent copyright rules, rights for dissemination online have to be cleared in every country where the content can be accessed. Applied to cultural institutions this means that they would have to get a license from CMOs in every EU member state. This would of course lead to substantial administrative costs for the institutions. However, so far no solution have been brought forward which takes into account and could be acceptable by both cultural institutions and right holders.Two viable cross-border solutions are a country of transmission principle or a solution based on voluntary measures by the national CMOs. A country of transmission principle holds that cultural institutions should only be obliged to obtain a license in the country where the institution initiated the online dissemination. This solution would require legislative intervention at EU level. The other solution essentially means that national CMOs would give each other a mandate to issue multi-territory licenses.At first glance, an ECL provision combined with either of the cross-border solutions outlined above may be regarded as favoring the cultural institutions’ interests, as it gives them the privilege of both an ECL provision and a simplified measure for cross-border rights clearance. However, the scope of an ECL provision for the benefit of these institutions would primarily be to make available content that is not of a contemporary commercial nature. Hence, the model would aim at establishing a mechanism which would create a supply of cultural heritage content. It is in the interest of the society as a whole that also this content is made available online.
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| 9. |
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| 10. |
- Axhamn, Johan, 1979-
(författare)
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Musik och film på Internet – hot eller möjlighet?
- 2007
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Rapport (populärvet., debatt m.m.)abstract
- Utredaren har övervägt åtgärder för att stimulera utvecklingen av konsumentvänliga lagliga alternativ för tillgång till framför allt musik och film på Internet.I promeorian skriver utredaren bl.a. att konsumentskyddslagstiftningen inte är tillämplig på handel med digitala produkter när produkterna levereras elektroniskt. Ett konsumentskydd motsvarande det som finns i konsumentköp- och konsumentjänstlagen bör därför införas för dessa slag av avtal.Ett införande av en "bredbandsavgift", som i praktiken innebär en utvidgning av systemet med kassettersättning eller införandet av tvångslicens, är enligt utredarens bedömning inte önskvärd.Utredaren föreslår att en referensgrupp med representanter för Regeringskansliet, nättjänster och rättighetshavare bör tillsättas för att utarbeta förslag till informations- och utbildningsinsatser. Gruppen bör också följa upp insatserna för att främja användarvänligheten. De omfattande intrång som olovlig fildelning gör i upphovsrättigheter är enligt utredarens bedömning ett betydande hinder för investeringsviljan i, och utvecklingen av, de lagliga alternativen. Därför föreslås att Internetleverantören ska kunna vitesföreläggas att vidta åtgärder, t.ex. säga upp avtalet med abonnenten, för att hindra fortsatta intrång med hjälp av den tjänst Internetleverantören tillhandahåller. Abonnentens intresse av att behålla uppkopplingen ska beaktas vid bedömningen av om avtalet får sägas upp och om ett föreläggande ska meddelas.
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