| 1. |
- Edvardsson Björnberg, Karin, Docent, 1972-, et al.
(författare)
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Consistent risk regulation? Differences in the European regulation of food crops
- 2019
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Ingår i: Journal of Risk Research. - : Informa UK Limited. - 1366-9877 .- 1466-4461. ; 22:12, s. 1561-1570
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In the EU legal system, there is a large difference between the procedures and requirements for the introduction of crops that are classified as genetically modified (GM) and crops not so classified. In order to investigate whether this regulatory divide is compatible with real risks two cases of GM crops and two cases of non-GM crops are scrutinized. It is concluded that the regulatory divide cannot be justified from the viewpoint of risk assessment, since the GM/non-GM dichotomy is not an accurate indicator of either health risk or environmental risk. Much better such indicators are available and should form the basis of a legislation aimed at preventing the introduction of crops that are harmful for human health or the environment. If the legislator has other reasons to regulate GM crops differently than conventional crops, then those reasons should be stated in the legislation and determine the types of measures that it prescribes.
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| 2. |
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| 3. |
- Batabyal, Amitrajeet A., et al.
(författare)
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A political-economy analysis of the provision of urban anti-crime technologies in a model with three cities
- 2020
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Ingår i: Technological forecasting & social change. - : Elsevier BV. - 0040-1625 .- 1873-5509. ; 160
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We use a theoretical political-economy model with three cities and analyze three questions. First, should police in these cities have access to contentious crime fighting technologies such as facial recognition software? We describe a condition involving benefit, cost, and spatial spillover terms which tells us when the police ought to be provided with this technology. Second, if police are to be offered this technology then what are the properties of a policy regime that provides this technology in a decentralized way? We identify a condition that depends only on benefit and cost terms which tells us when this technology is to be made available in the cities in a decentralized way. Finally, what are the properties of a policy regime that provides the technology in a centralized way with equal cost sharing by the cities? We obtain two conditions involving benefit and spatial spillover terms that describe scenarios in which (i) the technology is provided with majority voting in a city even though it is inefficient to do so and (ii) it is efficient to provide the technology in a city but majority voting will lead to this technology not being provided.
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| 4. |
- Edvardsson Björnberg, Karin, et al.
(författare)
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12. What are the prospects for using the ‘opt-out mechanism’ of Directive (EU) 2015/412 based on ethical or religious grounds?
- 2019
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Ingår i: Sustainable governance and management of food systems. - The Netherlands : Wageningen Academic Publishers. - 9789086868926 - 9789086863419 ; , s. 95-100
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- In 2015, Directive (EU) 2015/412 was introduced into the European Union GMO regulatory framework. Article 26b(3) of the directive, now incorporated into Directive 2001/18/EC, gives the EU member states a possibility to restrict the cultivation of already authorized GMOs within their territories under certain conditions. The measures must be in conformity with Union law, reasoned, proportional and non-discriminatory, and they must be based on so-called ‘compelling grounds’. The amendment directive spells out a number of such grounds, including environmental or agricultural policy objectives and socioeconomic impacts. However, the list of compelling grounds is non-exhaustive, which opens up for other possible grounds for territorial restrictions, such as religious or ethical grounds. In this paper, we explore how a possible case for territorial restriction based on ethical or religious grounds could be constructed. We comment briefly on the prospects of getting such as case accepted by the CJEU, bearing in mind the Court’s ruling in case C-165/08 (Commission v Poland).
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| 5. |
- Gholami, Ali, et al.
(författare)
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Privacy Threat Modeling for Emerging BiobankClouds
- 2014
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Ingår i: Procedia Computer Science. - : Elsevier. ; 37, s. 489-496
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- There is an increased amount of data produced by next generation sequencing (NGS) machines which demand scalable storage and analysis of genomic data. In order to cope with this huge amount of information, many biobanks are interested in cloud computing capabilities such as on-demand elasticity of computing power and storage capacity. There are several security and privacy requirements mandated by personal data protection legislation which hinder biobanks from migrating big data generated by the NGS machines. This paper describes the privacy requirements of platform-as-service BiobankClouds according to the European Data Protection Directive (DPD). It identifies several key privacy threats which leave BiobankClouds vulnerable to an attack. This study benefits health-care application designers in the requirement elicitation cycle when building privacy-preserving BiobankCloud platforms.
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| 6. |
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| 7. |
- Lindahl, Lars, et al.
(författare)
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Normative positions within an algebraic approach to normative systems
- 2004
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Ingår i: Journal of Applied Logic. - : Elsevier BV. - 1570-8683 .- 1570-8691. ; 2:1, s. 63-91
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The formal analysis of normative systems as initiated by Alchourrón and Bulygin can be complemented by the analysis of normative positions as pursued by Kanger, Lindahl, Sergot and Jones. The paper is a step towards integrating the two approaches within an algebraic theory of so-called Boolean quasi-orderings (Bqo's). In the general Bqo theory presented, a number of theoretical tools are introduced and elucidated by theorems, in particular those of fragment, connection, coupling and pair coupling. Condition implication structures (cis's) are models of the Bqo theory used for the representation of normative systems. A system of normative positions is introduced as a special kind of cis. The final section is devoted to an example exhibiting a legal mini-system where a cis of normative positions (np-cis) is joined to a descriptive cis.
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| 8. |
- Lindahl, Lars, et al.
(författare)
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Normative systems and their revision: an algebraic approach
- 2003
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Ingår i: Artificial Intelligence and Law. ; 11:2-3, s. 81-104
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The paper discusses normative systems and their revision within an algebraic framework. If a system is logically well-formed, certain norms, called connecting norms, determine the system as a whole. It is maintained that, if the system is well-formed, a relation at least as low as determines a lattice or quasi-lattice of its connecting norms. The ideas are presented mainly in the form of comments on a legal example concerning acquisition of movable property by extinction of another person's previous rights.
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| 9. |
- Zetterberg, Charlotta, 1960-, et al.
(författare)
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Time for a New EU Regulatory Framework for GM Crops?
- 2017
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Ingår i: Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics. - : SPRINGER. - 1187-7863 .- 1573-322X. ; 30:3, s. 325-347
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In recent years, the EU legislation on genetically modified (GM) crops has come under severe criticism. Among the arguments are that the present legislation is inconsistent, disproportionate, obsolete from a scientific point of view, and vague in terms of its scope. In this paper, the EU GM legislation (mainly the "Release Directive", 2001/18/EC) is analysed based on five proposed criteria: legal certainty, non-discrimination, proportionality, scientific adaptability, and inclusion of non-safety considerations. It is argued that the European regulatory framework does not at present satisfy the criteria of legal certainty, non-discrimination, and scientific adaptability. Two ways of reforming the present legislation toward greater accommodation of the values expressed through the proposed criteria are briefly introduced and discussed.
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