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- Hydén, Håkan, et al.
(författare)
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The Concept of Norms in Sociology of Law
- 2008
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Ingår i: Contributions in Sociology of Law: remarks from a Swedish Horizon. - 1403-7246. ; 53, s. 15-32
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Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The aim of this article is to propose a method for creating a more coherent concept of norms – and to deliver a tentative and open suggestion on how to define norms in a way that might fit into the context of Sociology of Law (further on shortened, SoL). The idea is that the norm concept can be chiselled out through ontological analysis, and that this analysis can be conducted in a way that allow every aspects of the norm concept to be scrutinized separately. The result will in the best case scenario be a kind of ‘open source’ construction where every individual research project can formulate its view of the common concept. The suggested ontological analysis is mainly founded on The Aristotelian concepts of ‘essence’ and ‘accident’. Thus the method is concerned with distinguishing between norm attributes that lie in their (the norms’) nature (collectively they form the definition) and other attributes (that are essential for the categorisation of norms).
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| 2. |
- Hydén, Håkan, et al.
(författare)
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The Relation between norms and legal rules
- 2011
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Ingår i: Norms between law and society. Lund Studies in Sociology of Law.. - 1403-7246. - 9172673303 ; , s. 11-21
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Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)
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| 4. |
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| 5. |
- Bashitialshaaer, Raed, et al.
(författare)
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Global Norms for Public Acceptance for Desalination and Water Ruse
- 2011
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Ingår i: Norms between law and society - A collection of Essys from Doctorates from Different Academic Subjects and Different Parts of the World. - 9172673303 ; 37, s. 41-62
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Bokkapitel (populärvet., debatt m.m.)abstract
- Desalting technologies and fresh water production has been developed over the years, including primarily thermal and membrane processes. Five different types of desalination technology were studied and compared for long-term of use namely, thermal processes include multistage flash evaporation (MSF), multiple effect evaporation (ME), and vapor compression (VC) and membrane processes contain reverse osmosis (RO) and electrodialysis (ED). Among these technologies, six different input water sources were also used and studied for each of the processes mentioned above and namely seawater, brackish water, wastewater, rivers, brine and pure water as the only solution of fresh water in some countries. Wastewater in most countries is being more and more recognized as of vital importance to be treated and made safe for reuse. Treated wastewater is used directly in irrigation of farms or landscape green areas. This paper gives an overview of the existing practices of wastewater reuse and of the constraints facing it. It concludes with recommendations and policy options that are likely to lift these constraints and to make a better use of the wastewater potential. It is observed that wastewater reuse amount is approximately counted 5% over the last 30 year. Brine discharge will increase the salinities of the Arabian Gulf, Mediterranean Sea and Red Sea, with respectively some extra 2.24, 0.81 and 1.16 g/l in the year 2050. Desalination has advantages and disadvantages which may depend on the region, location, technology, impact and amount of fresh water production. For example, chemicals added in the pre-treatment stages could harm the fish production as well as the marine life in general. The content of nutrients in wastewater is positive for irrigation but with only secondary treatment problems like eutrophication in the Gulf may be increased if the exchange of water is low. Public acceptance is often seen as a key reason why water-recycling technology is (accepted or) rejected. Unclear polices, institutional conflicts and lack of regulatory frameworks constitute other important constraints that hinder implementation and proper operation of wastewater reuse projects. A common assumption is that projects fail because the general public is unable to comprehend specialist information about risk and the belief that if the public were better informed, they would accept change more readily. Achieving sustainable water use through recycling may require better coordination between agencies and integrated government policies.
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| 7. |
- Bergwall, Peter, et al.
(författare)
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The Stepchild Controversy : Unfortunate Dichotomies in Socio-Legal Theory
- 2023
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Ingår i: Combining the Legal and the Social in Sociology of Law : An Homage to Reza Banakar - An Homage to Reza Banakar. - 9781509959389 ; , s. 59-68
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Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Kapitlet handlar om beklagliga dikotomier i rättssociologisk teori, som till exempel dikotomin rätt/samhälle. Upprätthållandet av sådana dikotomier hämmar rättssociologisk teoriutveckling. Kapitlet tar sin utgångspunkt i en debatt som initierades 1998 av Reza Banakar och som handlade om vad Banakar ansåg vara den rättssociologiska teorins underutvecklade tillstånd, eller rättssociologins identitetskris som styvbarn till juridik och sociologi. De flesta av inspelen i debatten accepterar dikotomin rätt/samhälle, det vill säga en syn på rätten som teoretiskt frikopplad från samhället. I kapitlet hävdas att detta är ett misstag och att vi istället bör inse att rätten är djupt invecklad i allt samhällsliv. Rättssociologin bör fokusera på att att studera normativitet i samhället och utgå från att rätten först och främst är ett socialt fenomen och inte ett slutet system, avskuret från övriga samhället. Mina argument är influerade av den vetenskapsfilosofiska riktningen kritisk realism.
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| 8. |
- Dahlstrand, Karl, et al.
(författare)
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Avtalet som rättsligt och socialt instrument
- 2020
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Ingår i: Om rättssociologisk tillämpning. - 9789144132181 ; , s. 307-325
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Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Detta kapitel behandlar ett rättsligt instrument, avtalet, utifrån ett empiriskt perspektiv. Syftet är tvåfaldigt; dels att lyfta fram en inom rättssociologin försummad regleringsform, dels att ge en bild av vilka forskningsuppgifter studiet av avtal kan föra med sig. Det finns väsentliga skillnader mellan avtal och lag som rättsliga instrument. Lag som bekant är föreskrivande och talar om vad som ska gälla i olika hänseenden, medan avtalet är mer flexibelt och etableras av parterna självaDessa egenskaper hos avtalet ger upphov till en rad intressanta forskningsuppgifter som ännu inte har studerats; förekomsten av avtal inom näringslivet, hur konflikter löses och vilken betydelse tillit har för uppkomsten av avtal, för att nämna några. Här ligger fältet således öppet på olika nivåer för den intresserade forskaren. Vi vill också betona att avtalet som rättsligt och socialt instrument är relevant såväl utifrån den formella rätten som inom vardagslivets rätt och dess normer. Avtal återfinns således både i formella som informella sammanhang och i båda fallen kan man förenklat säga att avtalet möjliggör olika former av samarbeten och samverkan.
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| 9. |
- Dahlstrand, Karl, et al.
(författare)
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How to compensate the irreplaceable? A socio-legal research project within victimology about the relation between formal and informal norms
- 2011
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Ingår i: Norms between law and society. Lund studies in sociology of law, nr 37.. - 9172673303 ; , s. 63-84
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Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)abstract
- As an ambition to stress the construction of an external and an internal dimension within law I have chosen to study the non-pecuniary damages to victims of crime. The foundation for these damages came from the deep structure of law about the idea that the right to integrity of the human body and soul are one of the corner- stones in the state governed by law. But when it comes to estimating the amount, such that it gives the violated victim satisfaction and eventuality a preventive role, the application of the law becomes dependent on the knowledge about the external and the social norms that the law operates within. Compared with pecuniary or physical damages there are no formal norms from which we can appreciate that kind of damages we called non-pecuniary. This problem would maybe not become a big deal if the matter was not that the loss here is of a normative art and about “ought” related to human rights and the fact that individuals are carriers of these values. If the legal field stresses the closeness of the legal system that gives to a limited space for the possibility of discretion and reason and that undermines both the legitimacy of the law and the right to integrity. But if the external view and the possibility to interpret and create the content of the general sense of justice becomes to wide within the application of the law that will undermine and stress the professionalism of the legal profession but also central goals like predictable decisions. So the challenge is to find the balance that corresponds to the social norms within society and to generate knowledge about how people react upon the practise when it comes to the amount of damages. Therefore the topic is an example of how empirical facts about the social and political contexts become an important variable within the internal application of the law and how this creates an arena for socio-legal research and in a wider sense a debate about the role of legal decisions within a landscape of existential words like violations, satisfaction or human dignity. My method is both quantitative and qualitative and the aim is to provide both empirical knowledge about the general sense of the compensation to victims of crimes and an understanding of the impression in everyday life especially for victims of crimes through focusgroups.
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| 10. |
- Dahlstrand, Karl, et al.
(författare)
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Non-Pecuniary (Idealistic) Damages in Tort. How to break up the Distinction Between a Internal and External View of Law
- 2008
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Ingår i: Contributions in Sociology of Law. - 9172672765 ; 29, s. 91-113
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Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The traditional restrictive attitude towards claim for compensation about non-pecuniary harms in both cause law and legislation become weaker even if the theoretically and practically reason behind the old exception-construction remain. This reason can best be explained by the thesis about incommensurability when it comes to compensate for some losses that money cannot compensate. To explain why the exception-construction is problemized in recent days I think two circumstances has played an important role (1) the materialisation of human rights as a consequence of the incorporation of the European Convention on Human Rights in Sweden since 1995 and (2) the right to crime victim compensation and the establishing of victimology in the legal and academic field. In practice there is of course a co-operation between these two factors and there is also some kind of hybrids like the legal interest of for example discrimination. This tendency is in my opinion therefore a practical and concrete example of law and justice in the risk society where almost every person is a potential victim of crimes and discrimination or other violations. In the risk society, given Ulrich Beck’s definition, it is characteristic that these phenomenons in our society rub out the boarders between law and politics in the manifestation of reflexive subpolitics about flexibility. The possibility to obtain redress with this compensation function as a mean to support the judicial systems official goal that is to satisfied the citizens needs and at the same time secure the confidence and the legitimacy for the judicial system through the factors (1) legal security and (2) the legal rights of the individual. At the same time these compensations bring on inherent risks because of its unclear function and the incommensurability between injury and compensation that risks fall upon both the victims and the lawyer’s profession. So when human rights now is both a goal and a mean for democracy and violations of the citizens bring about a right to compensation this illustrate a paradox. The judicial system cannot handle this type of injury that has it is ground in public law without challenge traditional principles and the legal professionalism. This tendency is also interesting in a comparative perspective given the premise that the jurisprudence movement known as Scandinavian Legal Realism has had an influence on the Swedish judicial culture. This follows from two circumstances: (1) Given the Scandinavian Legal Realism it is impossible to set up a legal claim from a violation of justice or somebody’s rights and (2) even if it would be possible, it is impossible to imagine the basis of calculation of these compensation because there is no way for informal norms from the society to influence the formal legal norms and the application of the law (only the opposite) given the Scandinavian Legal Realism. The last circumstance is relevant because the compensation of non-pecuniary harms consist of incommensurability and the only way to calculate these compensation, so it make it serves as rectification or redress for the victim, is in reflection and influence of the informal norms or the “common sense of justice”. My topic presupposes that the legal field is influenced by the theory in jurisprudence and can we therefore talk about an idealistic tendency or “critical legal realist” movement that maybe illustrates in these compensations. In a more concrete perspective these compensations bring to the fore methodological question in social science of how we can get empirically knowledge about norms in our society.
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