| 1. |
- Langlet, David, 1977, et al.
(författare)
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Energy efficient transition in Sweden: triggers and barriers for retrofitting processes in municipality owned housing companies
- 2014
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Ingår i: ENHR Edinburgh July 1-4, 2014. Book of abstracts.
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Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Globally and in Europe, the housing sector is responsible for a large share of the energy use, and large efforts have therefore been directed towards reduced energy use in the housing sector. In Sweden 39 percent of the energy use relate to “housing and business locations”, there is an ambition to reduce the energy use with 20 percent until year 2020, following the EU directive of energy efficiency. However, the national government has up to present responded quite hesitantly to the energy efficiency debate, possibly as the National Institute of Economic Research (NIER) claims that relevant transition measures will be met regardless of any specific measures directed to the sector of housing. Yet, the project group Collaborative learning for urban energy efficiency (the ClueE-project) has studied a number of examples where energy efficient retrofitting takes place in sub-urban areas. A central question for the overall project was: What are the major triggers and barriers in retrofitting processes, with special regards to the social sciences? From a financial point of view, the costs of energy efficient retrofitting are demanding, as most of the heating in these areas to 90 percent are sustainable district-heating. But seen from the perspective of the ‘third generation of energy policies’, there is an increasing potential today for local energy production solutions, zero-houses, or even houses that generates a surplus of energy, energy-plus-houses. The judicial tools used in these processes does not relate to minimum quality levels, rather, a more conscious use of the public procurement act is activated, as wise use of partnering contracting. The ClueE study also found that it is not specifically environmentally interested tenants that have been attracted by the energy efficient apartments, rather that has been the opportunity at hand. The lower ecological footprints of these tenants are supported as these groups are among the poorest segments of the population. To conclude, the core triggers found were: the necessity of broad political anchoring across majority and opposition, inclusive and transparent tenant-dialogues, comparable indicators in relation to evaluations and benchmarking. A more general conclusion is that more attention needs to be directed towards business locations, as the private homes’ market.
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| 2. |
- Aaboen, Lise, 1978, et al.
(författare)
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Technology Transfer Offices, Incubators, and Intellectual Property Management
- 2016
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Ingår i: 76th Annual Meeting of the Academy of Management.
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- In this paper we present a systematic literature review of the intersection between intellectual property (IP) management, technology transfer offices (TTOs) and incubators (and to some degree also science parks) in order to find out how incubators and/or TTOs support and work with patenting and IP management in startups. IP management is an important issue for the competitiveness of technology based startups and a difficult issue due to the resources needed to obtain, monitor and enforce IP rights. Understanding how the support organizations facilitate this work is therefore of importance for the startups as well as for universities and policy actors seeking to support technology transfer. The identified publications were systematized according to the actor in focus and whether the paper discussed IP as an output or as a strategic focus. The literature review showed that this literature tends to adopt a simplistic view of IP management, not taking all strategies into account. The literature typically narrows the focus down to a simplistic view of trying to increase the patent output of TTOs and incubators, and the related firms and/or universities.
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| 3. |
- Holgersson, Marcus, 1983, et al.
(författare)
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The importance of patents for innovation appropriation and open financing – a new view
- 2016
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Ingår i: R&D Management Conference. From Science to Society: Innovation and Value Creation. 3-6 July, Cambridge University..
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- The role of patents for capturing (appropriating) value from innovation investments has since long been of major interest to both practitioners and academics. Previous studies have implicitly assumed that firms appropriate value through in-house creation and marketing of innovative products and services. We question this assumption in light of the variety of business models and strategies now being available, including open innovation. We develop a basic typology of appropriation strategies, and investigate the role patents play for different strategies among 172 Swedish technology based firms. The results show that the importance of patents has a skew distribution with many firms rating patents as very important and with a fat tail of firms rating patents less important. This partly explains the limited importance of patents that previous studies have communicated. The results also show that the protection of sales and sales margins of innovative products and services is only one function of patents, and that patents are also important for the sales of technologies and stocks. Thus, patenting widens the range of appropriation strategies as well as financing strategies available to R&D management, which is especially important for cash strung technology based start-ups and SMEs, as well as for large firms with long R&D times.
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| 4. |
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| 5. |
- Alänge, Sverker, 1951, et al.
(författare)
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“Intellectual Properties: Alternative Strategies to Value Creation in Life Sciences
- 2006
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Ingår i: Globelics Conference, October 4-7, Trivandrum.
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Intellectual properties (IP) has not been an important issue when discussing development in poorer countries in the South. One reason is that the patent system, which is one essential component of IP, was developed based on needs of the industrialized countries to stimulate and protect their innovators. Consequently, the share of patents granted to developing countries during the past 15 years has been almost negligible. However, both among academics and policy makers there is a growing awareness that IP could become important for development in the South. First, the legal infrastructure and its practice, such as ownership rights and intellectual properties can be of great importance, including using properties as capital for financing investment in innovation. Second, there is also a growing interest in IP because of the market potential of innovations based on the bio-diversity assets. Part of this potential could be developed based on what indigenous people already are aware of, which poses specific questions on rights and ownership. In some countries in the South there has been a non-patenting tradition as a response to the difficulty to protect local knowledge. Scholars looking at the issue from an academic standpoint suggest publishing as a general strategy of protection of ideas from the South. Also within the framework of WIPO, there have been discussions on the role of IP in the South, including creating special conditions for the South, e.g. to promote free sharing of IP among developing countries (PIPRA) while at the same time protecting this IP from the competition from the North. Another issue is if it is ethical to protect foreign innovators rights in a developing country, as it blocks imitation, which could be a viable road towards development for countries in the South. Especially, the strong conflictive dimensions of bio-innovation systems for the South have been emphasized, e.g. the very weak attention by the international biomedical research a genda to ‘illness of poverty’, the difficulties to enforce norms that protect the environment and the bio-diversity, and the discussions about IP rights concerning use of biological knowledge.In the industrialized world there is a new trend, which closely combines intellectual property with entrepreneurship – particularly within knowledge-based industries such as internet-/software-based and life sciences. Knowledge-based innovation, through start-up of new firms or renewal of existing firms, is also an important strategy for development in some countries in the South. However, in many countries the structures for intellectual properties are very weak, and the understanding both within industry and university is limited. In addition, the law enforcement is practically non-existent which even more limits the interest of the industry and university to use intellectual properties for value creation. The paper analyzes the status of intellectual property in two Latin American countries and discusses alternative strategies for promoting and protecting knowledge on national as well as on university and company levels, with specific reference to the situation for life sciences.The discussion primarily refers to the situation in Latin America, and more specifically to two of the poorest countries in the region in terms of economic development, Bolivia and Nicaragua. These two countries are however simultaneously immensely rich when it comes to bio-diversity. The analysis is based on 110 interviews with representatives for different stakeholders, such as industry, government, university, financial sector, NGOs, patent offices. With this analysis as a base, the paper presents alternative strategies for promoting and protecting knowledge in order to make it available and utilized on markets (to make business from or trade) and by society. The necessity of developing different and complementary strategies to satisfy needs from different stakeholder perspectives is emphasized, e.g. for indigenous populations, local and international business, universities and society. The paper concludes that there is not one answer to the question on how to create value from indigenous knowledge, and there is not one strategy that fits all possible applications. Instead, there is a need of developing competence in analyzing and selecting among different strategic alternatives, including the use of IPRs. This competence development includes intellectual assets management and intellectual property management, which today both are weak in countries in the South. However, for value creation based on biodiversity and bioscience, there is also a need of developing capabilities in the area of intellectual capital management, which can be seen as a very big step, but a necessary step in order to take part in value creation in an interconnected world, where economic development to an increasing extent is dependent on knowledge based industry.
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| 6. |
- Teppayayon, Orada, 1972, et al.
(författare)
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Broadband Universal Service: A Future Path for Europe?
- 2008
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Ingår i: Conference proceeding: the conference on The Public/Private interplay in Next Generation Communications, 10-12 December, 2008, Sevilla, Spain..
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- The phenomenon of broadband penetration growth which could be observed over time has increased year by year. Today, broadband is increasingly becoming an issue for universal service in advanced economies. Switzerland has been the first country to include broadband connections as part of the universal service obligation, since 1 January, 2008, although at modest speeds, and with some exceptions. In the United States, the Federal-State Joint Board on Universal Service has urged the FCC to consider including broadband as part of universal service. In Europe, , the recent EC communication on universal service specifically suggests for the European Union to analyse and discuss broadband as part of the future universal service obligation. In many OECD countries there have also been targeted broadband support programmes for rural and disadvantaged areas for a number of years. The list could be made quite long, and includes countries such as Australia, New Zealand, Korea, Turkey, Czech Republic, Sweden, Norway, Ireland, Scotland, Spain, the United States, and many more. These programmes have typically involved support for construction of broadband infrastructure, either as direct state aid or as partial contributions from applicable universal service funds. The growing number of targeted broadband support programs raises the question if and when it will be possible to expand broadband into a universal service obligation (USO). Against this back-drop, this paper will provide an overview of current state and trends of universal service with focus on broadband access in European Union. First the paper will provide a brief market overview of broadband, and also briefly define the USO concept. The paper will then provide an historical overview of the universal service concept in the European legislation, with particular attention to early initiatives and discussions related to the implementation of a possible B-USO. The paper will emphasize that the current discussion on a future B-USO has long standing antecedents, running back to the 1987 Green Paper. The paper will moreover analyze the previous USO review, carried out in 2005-2006, and summarize views from stakeholder and Member States. The prospect of a B-USO must however be seen in the context of other initiatives and emphasis on broadband as a means to achieve a more dynamic European economy, and therefore various policy initiatives related to broadband are summarized. The paper will also offer some issues to consider for a broadband USO, from a general standpoint. As a conclusion, the paper will identify selected issues in implementing such a regulation.
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| 7. |
- Teppayayon, Orada, 1972, et al.
(författare)
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Functional Separation: Next Step of Improving Broadband Competition?
- 2009
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Ingår i: Conference Proceeding; the ITS Regional Conference, Perth, 16-18 August, 2009.
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- The issue of functional separation is being debated as a new proposal fortelecommunications regulatory framework in the EU. Although this issue has been discussed andimplemented in many countries, each country may not have the same procedure and outcome.This paper will therefore provide theoretical considerations of functional separation by starting fromthe idea of vertical integration. Pros and cons of implementing functional separation will also beprovided. The paper will present the evolution and development in the Swedish market, in particulardiscussion during the legislative process of proposing mandatory functional separation as one ofthe powers of the Swedish telecommunications regulator. The paper concludes with a discussion ofthe implementation of functional separation in general and in the Swedish broadband market, withimplications for other countries.
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| 8. |
- Englund, Oskar, 1982, et al.
(författare)
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The Role of National Legislation in Bioenergy Governance
- 2014
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Ingår i: World Bioenergy 2014 Proceedings. - 9789197762489 ; , s. 180-184
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Bioenergy supply chains pass several layers of governance, including both emerging governance mechanisms that specifically address bioenergy and existing regulations, such as environmental codes affecting forestry and agriculture. The sustainability requirements associated with the EU Renewable Energy Directive (EU-RED) is an example of how norms and sustainability priorities in one region can be expressed so as to influence activities in other regions, when actors in these other regions aim to produce for the EU market. Achieving aspirations for developing sustainable bioenergy production systems and supply and value chains requires coordination among actors and parties to ensure that all necessary governance mechanisms are in place and capable of fulfilling the appropriate standards setting, control, governance and assurance roles that are required, collectively. In this paper, the capacity of public governance to promote bioenergy production for the EU-RED market was assessed for thirteen countries in Africa, Asia, and Latin America. Environmental legislation was assessed on how it covers the sustainability requirements included in EU-RED, as well as general sustainability aspects. The countries’ capacities to enforce legislation were assessed by combining globally applicable indexes. While some aspects (e.g., nature protection) were found to be mostly covered well in legislation, other (e.g., wetland protection, GHG emissions) where covered less well. Results indicate that enforcement of legislation can be a challenge in many countries.
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| 9. |
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| 10. |
- Sharifyazdi, Mehdi, 1978, et al.
(författare)
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Capacity Allocation and Pricing for Take-or-Pay Reservation Contracts
- 2014
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Ingår i: Operations Research Proceedings 2012. - Berlin : Springer-Verlag Berlin. - 0721-5924. - 9783319007953 ; , s. 395-400
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper uses a bi-level optimization model to formulate a specific type of capacity reservation contracts, namely take-or-pay contracts, where a buyer reserves a portion of a supplier’s capacity before demand is realized with discounted price. At first, we formulate the lower-level problem and solve a non-linear optimization model where a buyer decides on the amount of capacity to be reserved given the discounted and normal unit capacity price, demand probability distribution and maximum available capacity. Afterwards, we construct the upper-level model where there are a supplier and multiple buyers and the supplier must choose the discounted price and maximum available capacity for each of the buyers. Enforced by the behaviour of the model, we create a bi-level real-valued genetic algorithm to find good solutions for the model.
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