| 1. |
- Svensson, Eva-Maria, 1958, et al.
(författare)
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Mobilisering och undanskjutande – Paradoxen i svensk politik kring stereotyper, jämställdhet och yttrandefrihet
- 2016
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Ingår i: G16, Gränser, mobilitet och mobilisering Norrköping 23-25 nov 2016..
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Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Jämställdhet och yttrandefrihet är två kärnvärden i den svenska demokratin. Syftet med detta paper är att problematisera och förklara ’mobilisering’ och ’undanskjutande’ i policyprocesser, när jämställdhet och yttrandefrihet kommer i konflikt med varandra. Utgångspunkten är Sveriges anslutning till CEDAW (1979) och hur denna konvention har implementerats, särskilt granskas processer kring artikel 5a. Denna artikel handlar om att eliminera könsstereotyper eller som det står i den svenska översättningen ”ändra mäns och kvinnors sociala och kulturella beteendemönster för att därmed avskaffa fördomar samt seder och bruk som grundar sig på föreställningen om det ena könets underlägsenhet eller på stelnade roller för män och kvinnor”. Uttolkningen av denna artikel förstärks i Pekingplattformen (1995 Section J). I Sverige har denna artikel aktualitet särskilt när det gäller frågan om lagstiftning mot könsdiskriminerande reklam, där kvinnorörelsen varit pådrivande sedan 1970-talet. Trots upprepade utredningar betraktas eventuell lagstiftning fortfarande som ett hot mot yttrandefriheten. Värt att notera är att övriga nordiska länder (samt exempelvis Spanien) gör en annan tolkning och på olika sätt har reglerat könsdiskriminerande reklam i lag. Processerna på politisk nivå och som rättslig fråga kommer att analyseras med begreppsparet mobilisering – undanskjutande med hjälp av Carol Bacchi och andra teorier om policyprocesser. Vilka aktörer har varit aktiva i implementeringen? Hur har artikel 5a ramats in eller skjutits undan? Vilka aspekter av artikeln har lyfts till debatt? Vi har tidigare visat att kärnvärdena jämställdhet och yttrandefrihet står emot varandra på medieområdet och att yttrandefrihet ofta får väga tyngre än jämställdhet. Här är fokus på frågan varför det är så i Sverige. Vi ser att det finns huvudsakligen två förklaringar, yttrandefrihetens historiska betydelse för den svenska demokratin medan jämställdhet är ett senare värde, i kombination med en allt starkare betoning av näringsfrihetens värde. Med hjälp av teoretiker som Wendy Brown kommer vi att analysera den senare förklaringen.
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| 2. |
- Edström, Maria, 1960, et al.
(författare)
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Intersectionality to the rescue? A cross-national analysis of equal opportunities policies and tools in four national contexts
- 2012
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Ingår i: 8th European Feminist Research Conference, Budapest, 17-20 May 2012.
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Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Despite a common legal framework within EU (and partly also in EFTA) there are differences in national legislation when it comes to gender equality. In Great Britain and Sweden there is no longer separate legislation for equal opportunities. Instead there is a joint Discrimination Act and joint Discrimination Ombudsman encompassing all specifically defined discrimination grounds. In France and Norway there is still a separate legislation, but in Norway there is also a joint Ombudsman. What are the impacts of these different paths for dealing with discrimination in Europe for gender equality? Is gender equality strengthened or the contrary, does a joint discrimination legislation make the discrimination protection and the active measures less efficient? This paper aims to map the development of gender equality in Europe by comparing the different strategies of mainstreaming discrimination in four countries; France, Great Britain, Norway and Sweden. What are the current measures to promote and protect gender equality and how is gender equality related to other grounds for discrimination? Gender mainstreaming as an equality instrument has been encouraged by the UN and EU and since the mid 90-ies. The parallel processes towards joint legislation on discrimination are based on the insight that there are layers of discrimination that demand to be addressed. This is also what feminist theories on intersectionality is emphasising when they argue that different power structures such as age, class and ethnicity interact with gender. Intersectionality could be a way of strengthening gender mainstreaming. But there is also a risk that gender equality is forgotten when other discrimination grounds are focused.
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| 3. |
- Edström, Maria, 1960, et al.
(författare)
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Cultural narratives and representations in Swedish law and media regarding age discrimination
- 2017
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Ingår i: Cultural Narratives, Processes and Strategies in Representations of Age and Aging. Graz, Austria: 27-30 April.
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Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This paper explores narratives on ageing in age discrimination court cases and how they are represented in media. Sweden is a welfare state, considered good place to grow old, ranked No 3 in Global Agewatch Index 2015. However, Sweden was one of the last countries in EU to adopt legislation against age discrimination. Age has been a ground for discrimination since 2009, and so far very few cases have been brought to action. These cases, together with the media coverage of the cases, and the newspaper reporting on the role of the Discrimination Ombudsman (DO), are the empirical material. The research questions are: -What narratives of age and employment become visible in the texts? -What other factors interacts with age, such as gender, profession and ethnicity? -How does these representations relate to the ongoing challenge to society labour availability for older people and the use/misuse of their human capital and competences? The approach is interdisciplinary and takes its starting point in the capability concept used in the transdisciplinary research platform Centre for Ageing and Health, AgeCap, at the University of Gothenburg. Capability can refer to the individual’s ability to perform actions in order to reach goals he or she has reason to value. Here, in this paper. Focus is on factors on a macro level; application of laws that affect working older people and representations of media of these issues. Together they form narratives of ageing and ageism (i.e. the relation between perceptions of age and discriminatory practices).
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| 4. |
- Edström, Maria, 1960, et al.
(författare)
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Gendered consequences of the commercialisation of freedom of speech
- 2012
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Ingår i: Gardens of Justice, Critical Legal Confernce, Stockholm, 14-16 sept 2012.
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Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Gender stereotypes and sex discriminatory images are commonly used in adver¬tising. They are considered to sell. Advertisement is a large part of the content in media, and what is more, commercial messages are to a great extent blurred with editorial messages. With a strengthening of the legal protection for commercial messages the space for gender stereotypes is consolidated. Focus in this paper is gendered consequences of challenges from the market on freedom of speech in the media. With the expression commercialization of freedom of speech we try to capture a process in which commercial interest to communicate commercially is claimed to be a legitimate interest. Commercial messages are framed as com¬mercial speech, and commercial communication is framed as commercial freedom of speech. By doing so, commercial interests are framed as legitimate interests worth protection by law. Commercial speech has a weaker protection in many constitutions, but during the last years we have seen a growing discussion about giving commercials the same protection as other expressions. With a situation in which commercial messages are considered to be speeches worth protecting by law, and in which commercial interests claim more and more of the space for com¬munication in society, we would like to turn the way we understand and think of communication and space for communication up-side-down out of a citizen and a gender-equal-promoting perspective. The claim for what kind of interests should be legitimate interests to protect as part of the right to freedom of speech, have to be reconsidered.
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| 5. |
- Kenyon, Andrew, et al.
(författare)
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Building Systems for Freedom of Expression in a Digital Era: Considering Sweden
- 2015
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Ingår i: Nordmedia Mobile presence-Mobile Modernities.13-15 Aaug. Copenhagen.
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Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- By combining law and media studies this paper considers the challenges posed to freedom of expression in a changing media landscape. When media business models are in a crisis, the regulatory framework is also put under pressure. Policies, legislation and self-regulation have all been developed in accordance with business models based on a division between editorial and commercial content. This division is important for press legitimacy, which relies on independence not only from the state but also from commercial interests. We focus on how to build sustainable democratic regulatory frameworks for the media and consider different roles for the state as non-intervening or active. The goal is a system with a high degree of media independence guaranteeing freedom of expression as a right for individuals and as a common good. Two diverging ideas are relevant here, which in an international context are often framed as negative vs. positive freedom of expression. The negative view is that the state should intervene as little as possible; this view advocates a limitation on government action that restricts speech. The positive view is that the state should do more and be active in supporting freedom of expression; merely not restricting speech is insufficient to create the conditions for the media’s democratic role. Future challenges include how to maintain the division between editorial and commercial content, and who should take responsibility for maintaining the division, the state or the market.
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| 6. |
- Svensson, Eva-Maria, 1958, et al.
(författare)
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Cultural narratives and representations in Swedish law and media regarding age discrimination, paper presentation at: Performances, Processes and Representations of Age and Ageing Joint Workshop: AgeCap & Aging Graz Research Group, Graz, October 17-19, 2018
- 2018
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Ingår i: Performances, Processes and Representations of Age and Ageing Joint Workshop: AgeCap & Aging Graz Research Group, Graz, October 17-19, 2018.
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Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The paper is a further elaboration from a paper presented at the 3rd ENAS Conference, 1st Joint ENAS & NANAS Conference, 9th International Symposium on Cultural Gerontology; Cultural Narratives, Processes and Strategies in Representations of Age and Aging at the University of Graz, Austria, April 27-30, 2017. It explores narratives on ageing in age discrimination court cases. Sweden is a welfare state, considered good place to grow old, ranked No 3 in Global Agewatch Index 2015. However, Sweden was one of the last countries in EU to adopt legislation against age discrimination. Age has been a ground for discrimination since 2009, and so far very few cases have been brought to action. These cases, together with the media coverage of the cases, and the newspaper reporting on the role of the Discrimination Ombudsman (DO), are the empirical material. The research questions are: -What narratives of age and employment become visible in the texts? -What other factors interacts with age, such as gender, profession and ethnicity? -How does these representations relate to the ongoing challenge to society labour availability for older people and the use/misuse of their human capital and competences? The approach is interdisciplinary and takes its starting point in the capability concept used in the transdisciplinary research platform Centre for Ageing and Health, AgeCap, at the University of Gothenburg. Capability can refer to the individual’s ability to perform actions in order to reach goals he or she has reason to value. Here, in this paper. Focus is on factors on a macro level; application of laws that affect working older people and representations of media of these issues. Together they form narratives of ageing and ageism (i.e. the relation between perceptions of age and discriminatory practices).
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| 7. |
- Svensson, Eva-Maria, 1958, et al.
(författare)
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Market-Driven Challenges for the Press: Freedom of Speech and the Interaction between the State, Citizens and the Fourth Estate in a Digital Era.
- 2014
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Ingår i: World Congress of Constitutional Law 2014 Constitutional Challenges: Global and Local, 16-20 June 2014, Oslo, Workshop 8: The Citizen and the State in the Digital Age.
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Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- One of the pre-conditions for the Press to perform its controlling function in the democracy is independency. In most business models of the press, advertising has been a major income source, together with a large share of household subscriptions. In this situation, it has been and is still crucial to uphold a distinction between journalism and commercial communication. In the Nordic countries there are substantial state subsidies for the press in order to safeguard diversity of opinions through the press as a democratic values in society. With the expansion of digital communication advertisers have turned from investments in traditional publishing media to arenas monitored by new actors such as Google and Facebook. One consequence of this development is that the press is loosing one of its major economic sources, journalists are given notice and the newsrooms are shrinking. This in turn leads to that the scrutinizing ability of the press is diminished and in a long-term perspective the press risk to loose its legitimacy and credibility. At the same time the new actors do not have the same explicit democratic mission in terms of the common good and the controlling function that the press has. Out of a citizen’s perspective the digital platforms often serve as an open access arena for discussions where anyone can publish their own stories and news. Every citizen has the potential to become a “journalist”, part of what is commonly known as citizen journalism. On the other hand, the resource demanding investigating journalism and holding someone accountable is hardly to be expected by individuals without resources to scrutinize the power structures in society. What is more, much of the communication is monitored or used by commercial actors. The democratic risks of the transition of the business models for the press are yet to be seen. A crucial question is whether the division between market and journalism can be sustained.
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| 8. |
- Svensson, Eva-Maria, 1958, et al.
(författare)
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Marknadsdriven yttrandefrihet
- 2015
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Ingår i: Bokmässan 2015, 25 september 2015.
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Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Är det fria ordet hotat av jakten på finansiering av medierna? Om olika, ibland motstridiga, anspråk på yttrandefriheten. - See more at: http://www.bokmassan.se/sv/program/arets-program/?eventid=12258#sthash.yK6AT1LM.dpuf
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| 9. |
- Svensson, Eva-Maria, 1958, et al.
(författare)
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Mobilisation, problem representation and silencing – paradoxes in Swedish policy around stereotypes, gender equality and free speech
- 2016
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Ingår i: Critical Legal Conference (CLC) 2016, Stream: Feminist turning points.
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Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Gender equality and freedom of expression are two core values. The purpose of this paper is to analyse policy processes in Sweden when the values are in conflict, and why freedom of expression tend to weigh heavier than gender equality. The starting-point is the ratification and the implementation of CEDAW in Sweden, where the core values are explicitly branded as hallmarks, with a focus on policy processes around article 5a, concerning the elimination of gender stereotypes. The issue is of specific interest in Sweden when it comes to legislation against sex and gender discriminatory advertising, a topic of concern for the women’s movement since the 1970s. Despite repeated government inquiries proposing legislation against this type of advertising, the perception of the impossibility to legislate due to it being a threat against freedom of expression is still persistent. The policy processes (including legislative processes) are analysed with help of theories on policy processes, and the concepts mobilisation, problem representation and silencing (Bacchi). Which actors have been active in the implementation of CEDAW’s article 5a? How has article 5a been framed? Which aspects of the article have been debated and which have been silenced? We have earlier stated that the core values are understood as colliding and freedom of expression is considered the most important (Svensson & Edström 2014). In this paper we address why Sweden has this position, a country known for its governance feminism. We see mainly two explanations, the long Swedish tradition of freedom of expression compared to the more recent tradition of gender equality, in combination with an increasing importance and emphasis on the value of the freedom to conduct a business, the core value and a fundamental right of the market economy. With the help of Wendy Brown’s theory the latter explanation will be explored.
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| 10. |
- Svensson, Eva-Maria, 1958, et al.
(författare)
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Political and legal attitudes toward gender images in media
- 2014
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Ingår i: NORA conference: Voices in Nordic Gender Research, 5-7 Nov 2014, Roskilde, Stream: The power of gender imaginaries.
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Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Women and men are often portrayed stereotypically in media, despite explicit political and legal ambitions to promote non stereotype images. Imaginaries of gender are considered to have great impact on both individual and structural levels. Gender stereotypes in advertising is a highly topical issue. In 2015, the twentieth anniversary of the Fourth World Conference on Women and the adoption of the Beijing Declaration and Platform for Action will be celebrated. All State parties are called upon to undertake comprehensive national-level reviews of the progress made and challenges encountered in the implementation of the Beijing Declaration and Platform for Action.1 One of the critical areas of concern pointed out in the Declaration and Platform was Women and the media (area J). One of two strategic objectives in this area was to promote balanced and non-stereotyped portrayal of women in the media (J.2.). The focus of this paper is on a specific section of media where stereotyped portrayals of women and men are common, namely adverts. Adverts are not only something exposed in media, but is also an important income source for media. The mutual dependency between media and advertisement forms the context for this paper, focusing on stereotypes in adverts and the political and legal measures undertaken by the Nordic countries. Whereas Sweden has been reluctant to legislate in this matter, the other countries have done so. The main reason for Sweden’s hesitation is the perception that a law against gender stereotypes in adverts is in conflict with freedom of speech. With the notions market-driven and democracy-driven freedom of expression, respectively, and by developing and expanding a theoretical framework on normative patterns to encompass gender (in)equality as a noramtive pattern, two conflicting and contradictory interests are analysed. 2 Gender stereotypes in adverts highlight the political and legal tension between freedom of expression and gender equality. First, restrictions of commercial communication are considered to be in conflict with freedom of expression. Second, gender stereotypes in adverts are considered to be in conflict with the value of gender equality.
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