| 1. |
- Berg, Joel, 1984-
(författare)
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Fullmakten och dess uppkomst : Särskilt om huvudmannens viljeförklaring och tredje mans befogade tillit
- 2023
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- In Sweden, opinions have long been divided on the meaning of the agency concept of authority and its basis. Due to a number of judgments from the Swedish Supreme Court, the discussion has been given renewed relevance. The dissertation investigates the question of the origin of authority. By using a legal dogmatic method, relevant sources are identified and analyzed in order to determine the content of current law.The dissertation first describes the development of authority in Swedish law and the purpose and function of authority rules. For there to be an act of authorization, it is required that the person who performs a legal act does so in the name of another. However, the exact meaning of acting in the name of another has proved to be far from obvious. The concept is central to the act of authorization, which is why it is also defined within the framework of this dissertation.The concept of declaration of intent, which plays a central role in the creation of authority, is also discussed. This is because there are divided opinions as to whether there are any subjective requirements on the principal or recipient for a declaration of intent to be considered to exist.Finally, the grounds for authority that have been identified in the dissertation are presented by analyzing the potential grounds identified within the framework of the dissertation.
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| 2. |
- Adestam, Johan
(författare)
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Den dokumentvillkorade garantin
- 2014
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Documentary guarantees, in practice usually described as independent guarantees, are characterized by the fact that they essentially contain only conditions referring to whether or not certain specified documents are presented to the guarantor. A documentary guarantee is usually only one part of a contractual structure involving several contracts and parties. Such contracts give rise to special legal questions. The dissertation addresses a number of such questions from a Swedish perspective, by describing the contents of legal norms and their application on different types of cases. Particular emphasis is placed on applying a language which allows this to be done in a non-contradictory and accurate manner. A question of central importance is how guarantees can be classified in a way which facilitates answering questions of the kind mentioned above. Such a classification, based on the contents of guarantees, clarifies what distinguishes the documentary guarantee from other types of guarantees. When it comes to the legal relation between the parties to a contract which obliges one party, the debtor, to arrange for the issuance of a documentary guarantee towards the other party, the questions in focus in the dissertation is in particular under what conditions the other party is free to demand payment under the guarantee and under what conditions the debtor has a right to repayment from the other party. In respect of the legal relation between the guarantor and the beneficiary, the main questions considered in the dissertation are how it is determined whether or not a guarantee is to be interpreted as a documentary guarantee, how documentary conditions in documentary guarantees are interpreted, and to what extent there are special legal norms applicable to documentary guarantees. A further question concerns the application of the mandatory rule providing that the beneficiary does not have a right to performance from the guarantor if the beneficiary’s demand is fraudulent. When it comes to the legal relationship between the parties to a mandate relating to the issuance of a documentary guarantee, the conditions under which the service provider has a right to indemnification is of particular importance. A question of general importance is, further, how legal norms can be designed in order not to give service providers in mandates relating to documentary guarantees incentives to investigate circumstances which are difficult to assess.
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| 3. |
- Adestam, Johan, 1982-
(författare)
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Den dokumentvillkorade garantin
- 2014
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Den dokumentvillkorade garantin, som i praktiken vanligen betecknas som självständig, känneteck-nas av att villkoren i utfästelsen väsentligen endast innefattar villkor som refererar till att vissa angivna dokument presenteras för garanten. Dokumentvillkorade garantier förekommer vanligtvis i avtalsstrukturer som involverar ett flertal olika avtal och parter. De typer av avtal som omfattas av sådana avtalsstrukturer ger upphov till speciella rättsliga frågor. Avhandlingen belyser ett antal sådana frågor ur ett svenskt perspektiv, genom att beskriva rättsnormers utformning och tillämpning på olika typer av fall. Särskild vikt läggs vid att upprätthålla ett språkbruk som möjliggör att detta sker på ett motsägelsefritt och rättvisande sätt.En fråga av grundläggande betydelse är hur garantier kan klassificeras på ett sätt som bidrar till att besvara nyss nämnda typ av frågor. En sådan klassifikation, baserad på garantiers innehåll, klargör vad som skiljer den dokumentvillkorade garantin från andra typer av garantier. När det gäller den rättsliga relationen mellan parterna till ett avtal i vilket det föreskrivs att den ena parten, gäldenären, ska låta ombesörja att det ställs ut en garanti till motparten, berörs i synnerhet frågan under vilka omständigheter motparten är fri att begära fullgörelse av garantin och frågan under vilka omständigheter det uppkommer en återkravsrätt för gäldenären gentemot motparten (beneficienten). I fråga om den rättsliga relationen mellan garanten och beneficienten behandlas särskilt frågorna hur man genom tolkning avgör om en garanti är dokumentvillkorad eller inte, hur dokumentvillkoren i en dokumentvillkorad garanti ska tolkas och i vilken mån det finns speciella rättsnormer tillämpliga på dokumentvillkorade garantier. Ytterligare en fråga rör tillämpningen av den tvingande regeln om rättsmissbruk, enligt vilken beneficienten saknar rätt till fullgörelse av garanten om det föreligger rättsmissbruk. Såvitt avser den rättsliga relationen mellan uppdragsgivare och uppdragstagare i uppdrag som relaterar till utfärdandet av en dokumentvillkorad garanti berörs i synnerhet frågan under vilka omständigheter en uppdragstagare har regressrätt gentemot sin uppdragsgivare. En fråga av allmän betydelse är vad som i olika avseenden krävs för att intresset av att uppdragstagare till sådana uppdrag inte ska ha incitament att undersöka svårbedömda omständigheter ska tillgodoses.
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| 4. |
- Göthlin, Sara, 1979-
(författare)
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Prioritet och avtal : Intercreditoravtal i svensk rätt, särskilt vid insolvens
- 2023
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- An intercreditor agreement is a contract between two or more creditors in relation to a common debtor. It regulates, among other things, the priority of payment and the distribution of proceeds from the enforcement of security. Intercreditor agreements are widely used in corporate finance transactions, in connection with private as well as public loan issuance. The main aim of the thesis is to clarify under which circumstances, if any, agreements whereby a creditor is subordinated towards one or more other creditors are effective in the bankruptcy of either the borrower or a junior creditor. It is suggested that the ranking of claims be analysed as falling into one of two main types of legal construction. First, it is possible to construe the transaction as a transfer or pledge of rights over a junior creditor’s claim, or its claim on future dividends in the debtor’s bankruptcy. Second, it is possible that an agreement to subordinate in favour of one or more other creditors should be understood as a condition for repayment, making the junior claim conditional on the discharge of the senior debt. The thesis concludes that a receiver in bankruptcy should, as a main rule, observe a waterfall that certain creditors and the debtor have agreed ex ante. The same principle should apply in formal company reorganization proceedings. The conclusions are supported by a legal analysis carried out in Part III of the thesis. Further, such interpretation is in line with the normative framework set out in Part II of the thesis, which emphasises the interest of legal certainty and the upholding of pre-bankruptcy entitlements. In addition, the ongoing harmonisation of financial markets and insolvency law that is taking place on the EU level indicates the need to find paths under Swedish law that are consistent with international developments. The final chapter of Part III includes an analysis of the function of an agent as representative of a group of creditors under Swedish law. It is suggested that this is an area where the legislator should intervene without delay. Especially, the market would benefit from certainty concerning the right of an agent to represent creditors in court proceedings, and the enforceability of non-action undertakings of individual creditors. Importantly, if an agent is able to collect funds from a common borrower in and outside of bankruptcy, an agreed waterfall would become enforceable in practice.
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