| 1. |
- Lundberg, Konrad, 1943-
(författare)
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Avtalets innebörd : Inkorporering - tolkning - utfyllning
- 2019
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- What a contract means with regard to the mutual rights and duties of the parties to that contract, depends on what provisions the contract contains (incorporation), how these provisions should be construed (interpretation) and how issues not addressed in the contract should be governed (supplementation).Statutory provisions regarding incorporation, interpretation and supplementation exist, albeit to a limited extent. The approach of Swedish law to these issues is therefore largely based on the precedents set by the Supreme Court.The signing of the contract, in effect, decides its content. At present, standardized terms and conditions, or to be more exact, terms and conditions that have not been individually negotiated, can be incorporated into a contract in a simplified manner. These simplifications are justified by practical consideration of closing a deal more efficiently, and thereby reducing transaction costs. The incorporation of these terms and conditions therefore largely require only that the other party has been given a realistic opportunity to read them and does not object to them. Unexpected and burdensome terms, however, need to be clarified.Where the wording of the contract is ambiguous, and sometimes, even where the wording is clear from a linguistic perspective, the contract will need to be interpreted when a dispute arises. This interpretation follows a hierarchical order of preference. First, subjective interpretation is applied. If this cannot be done, then objective interpretation is used, and as a last resort, presumptions and the ambiguity rule will be applied.Subjective interpretation is based on the actual intent of the parties upon entering into the contract, either by proof either that they had the same opinion, or that the opinion of first party was clear to the second party, and the second party did not object (the dolus rule). Objective interpretation is based on what can typically be assumed to have been the intent of the parties, given that they are reasonable people. In summary, this can be described as a balancing of arguments that relate to the purely linguistic meaning, the purpose of the contract and the reasonability of the results. Nine times out of ten, the Supreme Court uses this approach to resolve problems in interpretation. In one or two of a hundred cases, objective interpretation results in two opposing interpretations that are both reasonable. In such cases, the contract is interpreted to the detriment of the party that is deemed to be most responsible for the ambiguity.If interpretation fails to reach a convincing result, the issue in dispute is then deemed not to be governed by the contract, and will instead be resolved by supplementation, which is most commonly, the application of dispositive (optional) law.
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| 2. |
- Sluijs, Jessika van der, 1972-
(författare)
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Direktkravsrätt vid ansvarsförsäkring
- 2006
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Med direktkravsrätt avses den skadelidandes möjligheter att självständigt vända sig till den skadeståndsskyldiges ansvarsförsäkringsgivare med sitt krav på ersättning. Direktkravsbestämmelser finns dels i försäkringsavtalslagen (2005:104), dels i de speciella författningar som reglerar obligatorisk ansvarsförsäkring. Regleringen av den skadelidandes direktkravsrätt till ansvarsförsäkringsersättning är splittrad vilket beror på att bestämmelserna tillkommit vid olika tidpunkter, i olika sammanhang och i olika syften. Direktkravsrätten i sig saknar en preciserad innebörd och kan utformas efter olika modeller. Undersökningens syfte är att besvara de centrala fordringsrättsliga spörsmål som uppstår i en direktkravssituation. Dessa utgörs av grunden och förutsättningarna för anspråket, bolagets invändningsmöjligheter mot den skadelidandes anspråk, bolagets regressanspråk mot den försäkrade, samt bolagets informationsskyldighet mot den skadelidande. Ämnets problematik ligger i att direktkravsrelationen gäller två parter som inte har ett avtalsrättsligt förhållande till varandra. Det innebär dels att förpliktelsens uppkomst har andra grunder, dels att innehållet i bolagets förpliktelse mot den skadelidande inte med självklarhet regleras av försäkringsavtalet eller de bestämmelser i försäkringsavtalslagen som reglerar förhållandet mellan parterna. I avhandlingen analyseras främst svensk rätt, men på grund av den starka rättsgemenskap som råder i Norden behandlas även dansk, finsk och norsk rätt. För att ge perspektiv på de nordiska rättsordningarna beaktas även engelsk rätt i viss mån.
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| 3. |
- Chamberlain, Johanna, 1989-
(författare)
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Integritet och skadestånd : Om skyddet för personuppgifter och privatliv i svensk rätt
- 2020
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- How can tort law help protect privacy in the digital age? This central issue is examined from different perspectives throughout the thesis, with an emphasis on personal information (also called informational privacy). Privacy has long been a debated topic in the Swedish legal system, for several reasons. One is the confusion surrounding the concept. Because of the difficulties both scholars and legislators have encountered regarding the definition of privacy, it is often seen as an interest too vague to regulate. Further, freedom of expression, freedom of the press and access to public documents – three rights that are often presented as opposites to privacy – have traditionally been prioritised in the legislative process.Apart from the binding ECHR and EU regulations, there are still no general clauses to protect privacy in Swedish law. Instead, this value has been approached in a cautious and even reluctant way, by establishing sanctions for certain privacy invasions. Consequently, the existing privacy protection is spread out over many different legal areas. In order to reconcile national principles with our European obligations, the author argues that it is necessary both to understand our “negative” Swedish approach and the “positive” ECHR and EU rights set out in Article 8 ECHR, Articles 7 and 8 of the EU Charter and the GDPR.After examining these legal traditions – with some comparative glances at US developments regarding the right to privacy – the thesis explores an alternative approach using a theoretical model referred to as contextual integrity. This framework is adapted for privacy protection in the digital age and focuses more on appropriate information flows than definitions of privacy. The model is used for a reading of Swedish tort law cases on privacy invasions, specifically in order to relate the tort law principles to existing or evolving social norms in the situations in which damage claims originate. It is suggested that, by developing an understanding for the relationship between the legal and the social in this dynamic area, we can make the most of tort law as a tool for privacy protection in the future.
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| 4. |
- Lindell-Frantz, Eva
(författare)
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Nedsättning av försäkringsersättning : en studie avseende konsumentförsäkringslagens 30-32 §§
- 1996
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This thesis concerns paragraph 30, 31 and 32 of the Consumer Insurance Act. The Consumer Insurane Act was adopted in 1981. It is applicable to combined insurance policies covering fire, burglery, liability, and certain other risks when the insured party is a consumer. In these cases, the Consumer Insurance Act is applicable to motor vehicle-, yachting- and travelling insurance contracts as well. Paragraph 30 - 32 deals with what may be called the secondary duties of the insured, meaning misrepresentation and non-disclosure at the time of taking out the insurance, failure to comply with safety regulations or to minimize loss, intentional or negligent causing of the event insured, increase of risk and failure to give notice to the insurer of the occurance of the event insured. The rules concerning these duties are mainly mandatory, and they provide that the insured shall not lose any of the indemnity to which he is entitled under the insurance contract, unless he has acted at least negligently. The consequence of a relevant breach of a duty is reduction of the indemnity so far as it is reasonable considering all the circumstances in the case. Special importance is to be given to the influence of the breach on the occurence and the extent of the loss and the degree of fault. Paragraph 30 - 32 also deals with the insurer's right to invoke contravention of an incidental obligation by persons other than the insured such as family-members or a person in charge of the damaged property (identification). The broad principles of reasonableness that are laid down in the rules of reduction should be regarded as a general guide for the formation of insurance conditions, in which more precise norms are supposed to be confirmed. This is meant to make it easier to predict the result of the interpretation of the rules. This dissertation has two purposes. Firstly it aims to describe and elucidate the interpretation of the rules of reduction. Secondary it deals with the process of the implementation of these rules. The study of how the law ought to be interpreted is based on traditional juridical method, while the examination of the process of the implementation is based on studies of insurance contracts and conclusions from The Public Complaints Board during the period of 1981-01-01 to 1995-11-30. In the dissertation it is shown that, after an introductory period of uncertainty, nowadays there is more or less consensus concerning how the reduction rules should be used. It is also argued that these rules has contributed to strenghten the position of the consumers, but it is also pointed out that it still is the insurance companies that have the power to decide what risks the insurance should include.
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