| 1. |
- Bäckström, Lars
(författare)
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Rätten till mineral : en studie om befogenheter och legala inskränkningar i äganderätten till fastighetens beståndsdelar
- 2012
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Licentiatavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Since long, Swedish land owners has been forced to accept that their land is claimed for mining activities. The utilization has taken place in accordance with different laws and legal rules. Also the current Minerals Act expresses a right for third parties to assimilate minerals from other people's property. The question of who owns the mineral prior the utilization is however not answered by the Minerals Act or by any other statute. In addition to being principally interesting, the ownership issue is also of practical importance, for instance regarding the right to exploit minerals covered by the Minerals Act for household use, or the right to exploit unregulated mineral as well as in future assessments regarding e.g. mineral compensation. In addition to the principal question of ownership, the Minerals Act also gives rise to a number of other issues that affect the land owner's right in relation to the extraction of minerals on the property. The main purpose of this study has thus been to identify who, if any, can be regarded as the principal owner of the elements of earth that contains minerals under Swedish law. To do this it has been necessary to define the concept of ownership in the property context. Furthermore, the study also contains an investigation regarding whether the minerals in the earth is to be considered a part of the property, and if the property ownership entails a principal right (power) for the owner to utilize minerals that may exist underground. The right with which third parties can reside on private land and there perform the preliminary studies that may be required to obtain exploration permit is also examined, as well as the conditions for – and the powers that comes with – permit and concession in accordance with the Minerals Act. The results of the study confirm that the ownership of property in Sweden is negatively determined and that all powers relating to the property therefore is due to the owner, unless law, custom, tradition or other source of law states otherwise. The results of the study also indicate that the mineral in the ground are to be considered a part of the property; the landowner is therefore in principle its owner and the function of the Minerals Act is that of a legal constraint. It is also concluded that it is possible to perform a large part of the necessary preliminary investigations with support of the Right of Common (Swe: Allemansrätten).
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| 2. |
- Christiernsson, Anna
(författare)
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Skyddet av biologisk mångfald vid jakt : en studie om rättens förhållande till komplexa och dynamiska ekosystem tillämpat på uttag av viltarter
- 2008
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Licentiatavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Biological diversity, or the variety of genes, species and ecosystem, is fundamental to all life on Earth. The conservation of biodiversity is consequently recognized both in national and international law as one of the prerequisites for achieving a sustainable development. However, the decrease in biodiversity is continuing, at all levels. There may be several reasons for why the law has not been successful in preserving biodiversity. One hypothesis for the failures is the lack of consistency between ecological and legal criteria, in particular regarding the incorporation of legal criteria relating to the complex and dynamic characteristics of ecosystems. Biodiversity is ruled by the laws of nature and only humans can be ruled by legislation. The laws regulating human behaviour that in one or another way affects biodiversity, must therefore be developed with consideration to the rules of nature, if the goal is to be achieved. One activity with potential and factual effect on diversity is hunting. The purpose of this study is to analyze whether the legislation on hunting and management of wildlife populations is developed with respect to ecological criteria necessary for achieving the goal of conserving biodiversity. Both national and EC legislation on hunting and management of wildlife populations have been included in the analysis. The result of the analysis shows that there are considerable differences between legal and ecological criteria. The legislation is mainly concerned with the use and protection of single species. When limits for hunting are determined, criteria relating to the targeted species are generally used. However, even on the species-level there are inconsistencies between legal and ecological criteria. E.g. there is a lack of legally binding obligations to protect species during their breeding- and hibernation periods and to preserve genetic diversity within species. On the ecosystem-level the lack of criteria in consistency is even more profound. Legal obligations to preserve or to consider interspecies relations, ecosystem functions and other relationships between the species and the ecosystem are almost non-existing. A broader perspective is found in the Environmental Code with its general rules of consideration and the goal to preserve biodiversity. The Environmental Code therefore, in principle, has an important function in forcing decision making towards an increased ecosystem approach. However, as the Code lacks efficient instruments for control and enforcement related to hunting specifically, the Code has no essential impact on decision on hunting in practice. In addition, the analysis shows that there are considerable differences between national law and EC-law. Since EC-law is binding on its member states there are numerous situations where national hunting law must be changed. Since legal criteria in EC-law generally are more in consistence with ecological criteria a more efficient implementation of EC-law is motivated from a goal fulfillment perspective as well. There are several ways in which the law needs to be developed in order to achieve the goal to preserve biodiversity. The analysis in this licentiate thesis will serve as a starting point for a discussion on how to develop such instruments and legal systems.
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| 3. |
- Forsbacka, Kristina
(författare)
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Climate Finance and the Point of Green Bonds
- 2021
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Licentiatavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The emergence of green bonds in 2008 has been perceived as an important means to move towards green and sustainable investments, and the green and sustainable bond markets have also grown exponentially. The purpose of my thesis is to analyse the green bond instrument and the role that it plays at climate finance. Notably, the role of the green bond and climate finance has changed over time. The Paris Agreement from 2015 was the first climate agreement to address the finance sector, and the sustainable finance markets are now moving forward at a swift pace, with new and innovative products developing and rewarding green and sustainable investments. The essence of the research is threefold. Firstly, an analysis based on an empirical study and analysis of the terms and conditions of the contracts between issuers and investors regulating green bonds on the Nordic market. Secondly, an analysis of the new innovative bond instruments – transition bonds and sustainability-linked bonds – following the green bond that have emerged starting in 2019. Thirdly, the green bond instrument is analysed in its historical context, describing the role of carbon pricing and comparing the green bond instrument to experience from early project-based climate finance, the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM). To conclude, an analysis is provided of the green bond instrument and the role that it plays at the transformation to a climate-resilient and sustainable society. The perspective in the analysis and the discussion is normative and forward looking (“de lege ferenda”), based on experience – “lessons learned” – from the development of early climate finance and the development that the green and sustainable bond market has undergone. The ultimate purpose is to analyse the role the of the green bond at climate finance. My analysis addresses the interplay between coercive and voluntary regulation of the green bond instrument. The theory and findings of the thesis are that flexibility should be provided to market participants to allow for the development of new innovative instruments, based on the tools and infrastructure developed at climate finance and green and sustainable bonds. Legal regulation should focus on information and disclosure of climate-related and sustainability risks, and providing clarification and codification of definitions and standards for this purpose. The tools and infrastructure created for green bonds, and further developed for other emerging innovative bonds, could be used to provide transparency at sustainability at all finance. As climate-related and sustainability risks are disclosed and addressed properly is provided and fiduciary duties are developed, the financial market can move from rewarding “green”, to penalising “brown” investments. When “green” is the new normal there will be no need for a specific green bond instrument. The point of green bonds is being part of this journey – not the solution.
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| 4. |
- Pettersson, Maria
(författare)
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Legal preconditions for wind power implementation in Sweden and Denmark
- 2006
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Licentiatavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Swedish energy policy relies heavily on the promotion of renewable energy resources, in particular wind energy and in 2002 the Swedish Government adopted a national planning goal of a yearly wind power generation of 10 TWh by 2015, which implies a substantial increase from the current 0.6 TWh level. The main purpose of this study is to analyse relevant functions of the Swedish law with reference to the im-plementation of wind power; the overarching question at issue being in what respects the law impedes respectively facilitates the development of wind power, and to compare the results from the Swedish analysis with the corresponding functions in Danish law, and b) to present some implications for the choice between different legislative measures to meet the Swedish wind power planning goal. The results are based on in-depth studies of relevant legal rules and case law, and the overall indi-cations are: a) on one hand, that several of the Swedish legal rules in connection with the overarching management and use of land and water areas are vaguely formulated and provide an extensive room for discretion, which makes the outcomes unpredictable and increase the uncertainties associated with wind power investments, b) on the other hand, that certain specific rules regarding the location of the wind-mills, together with the requirement to objectively assess alternative sites for the installation have shown to seriously hamper the establishment of windmills in Sweden, c) that the strong support for the munici-pal self- governance in connection with the system for physical planning in Sweden implies that great stress is laid on the existence of territorial plans for wind power, which in turn implies that windmills are unlikely to be established without municipal consent, and finally d) that the installation of windmills on Swedish territory may require as many as five different permits, which imply time-consuming (and hence costly) processes with unpredictable outcomes. The results from the analysis of the corresponding Danish system reveal a quite different situation; the specific and precise regulations regarding the installation of windmills in Denmark imply a lot less room for discretion which reduce the uncertainty in connection with the investment decision. Moreover, that the vertically integrated planning system in Denmark greatly enhances the possibilities to implement national planning objectives on the regional, municipal and local level.
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| 5. |
- Strömberg, Caroline
(författare)
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Etik och normkonflikter inom miljörättslig lagstiftning
- 2016
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Licentiatavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- En normkonflikt försätter rättssubjektet i en svår sits. Vissa normkonflikter medför till och med att ett rättssubjekt inte på något sätt kan agera helt och hållet lagenligt, så länge konflikten inte är löst. Detta innebär bland annat brister i rättssäkerhet samt att rättsreglerna inte lyckas guida rättssubjektets beteende, vilket brukar anses vara en av lagens viktigaste egenskaper. I uppsatsen har diskuterats frågor om uppkomst av, problem med samt hantering av normkonflikter inom miljörätten. Två fallstudier har använts för att diskutera olika typer av normkonflikter som förekommer i miljörättslig lagstiftning. Det har i uppsatsen konstaterats att det ena fallet är ett exempel på att lagen både förbjuder och tillåter samma beteende, och att det andra fallet är ett exempel på att lagen både förbjuder och föreskriver samma beteende. Vidare har det i uppsatsen föreslagits att motstridiga etiska antaganden som kan tänkas ligga bakom bestämmelserna kan utgöra delförklaringar till att normkonflikterna uppstår, och att det kan vara rimligt att använda etiska teorier vid tolkning av lagen i fall där det förekommer oklara till synes etiska uttryck i lagen.
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