| 1. |
- Havenhand, Jonathan N., 1959, et al.
(författare)
-
Ecological and functional consequences of coastal ocean acidification : Perspectives from the Baltic-Skagerrak System
- 2019
-
Ingår i: Ambio. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0044-7447 .- 1654-7209. ; 48:8, s. 831-854
-
Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- Ocean temperatures are rising; species are shifting poleward, and pH is falling (ocean acidification, OA). We summarise current understanding of OA in the brackish Baltic-Skagerrak System, focussing on the direct, indirect and interactive effects of OA with other anthropogenic drivers on marine biogeochemistry, organisms and ecosystems. Substantial recent advances reveal a pattern of stronger responses (positive or negative) of species than ecosystems, more positive responses at lower trophic levels and strong indirect interactions in food-webs. Common emergent themes were as follows: OA drives planktonic systems toward the microbial loop, reducing energy transfer to zooplankton and fish; and nutrient/food availability ameliorates negative impacts of OA. We identify several key areas for further research, notably the need for OA-relevant biogeochemical and ecosystem models, and understanding the ecological and evolutionary capacity of Baltic-Skagerrak ecosystems to respond to OA and other anthropogenic drivers.
|
|
| 2. |
|
|
| 3. |
|
|
| 4. |
- Hedderich, Dennis M, et al.
(författare)
-
Artificial intelligence tools in clinical neuroradiology : essential medico-legal aspects
- 2023
-
Ingår i: Neuroradiology. - : Springer. - 0028-3940 .- 1432-1920. ; 65, s. 1091-1099
-
Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- Commercial software based on artificial intelligence (AI) is entering clinical practice in neuroradiology. Consequently, medico-legal aspects of using Software as a Medical Device (SaMD) become increasingly important. These medico-legal issues warrant an interdisciplinary approach and may affect the way we work in daily practice. In this article, we seek to address three major topics: medical malpractice liability, regulation of AI-based medical devices, and privacy protection in shared medical imaging data, thereby focusing on the legal frameworks of the European Union and the USA. As many of the presented concepts are very complex and, in part, remain yet unsolved, this article is not meant to be comprehensive but rather thought-provoking. The goal is to engage clinical neuroradiologists in the debate and equip them to actively shape these topics in the future.
|
|
| 5. |
|
|
| 6. |
- Carter, Neil, et al.
(författare)
-
A conceptual framework for understanding illegal killing of large carnivores
- 2017
-
Ingår i: Ambio. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0044-7447 .- 1654-7209. ; 46:3, s. 251-264
-
Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- The growing complexity and global nature of wildlife poaching threaten the survival of many species worldwide and are outpacing conservation efforts. Here, we reviewed proximal and distal factors, both social and ecological, driving illegal killing or poaching of large carnivores at sites where it can potentially occur. Through this review, we developed a conceptual social–ecological system framework that ties together many of the factors influencing large carnivore poaching. Unlike most conservation action models, an important attribute of our framework is the integration of multiple factors related to both human motivations and animal vulnerability into feedbacks. We apply our framework to two case studies, tigers in Laos and wolverines in northern Sweden, to demonstrate its utility in disentangling some of the complex features of carnivore poaching that may have hindered effective responses to the current poaching crisis. Our framework offers a common platform to help guide future research on wildlife poaching feedbacks, which has hitherto been lacking, in order to effectively inform policy making and enforcement.
|
|
| 7. |
- Chandler, Jennifer A., et al.
(författare)
-
International Legal Approaches to Neurosurgery for Psychiatric Disorders
- 2021
-
Ingår i: Frontiers in Human Neuroscience. - : Frontiers Media S.A.. - 1662-5161. ; 14
-
Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- Neurosurgery for psychiatric disorders (NPD), also sometimes referred to as psychosurgery, is rapidly evolving, with new techniques and indications being investigated actively. Many within the field have suggested that some form of guidelines or regulations are needed to help ensure that a promising field develops safely. Multiple countries have enacted specific laws regulating NPD. This article reviews NPD-specific laws drawn from North and South America, Asia and Europe, in order to identify the typical form and contents of these laws and to set the groundwork for the design of an optimal regulation for the field. Key challenges for this design that are revealed by the review are how to define the scope of the law (what should be regulated), what types of regulations are required (eligibility criteria, approval procedures, data collection, and oversight mechanisms), and how to approach international harmonization given the potential migration of researchers and patients.
|
|
| 8. |
- Darpö, Jan, 1952-, et al.
(författare)
-
On the Comparison of Environmental Law
- 2010
-
Ingår i: Journal of Court Innovation. - New York : Pace University, School of Law. - 1943-5401. ; 3:1, s. 315-336
-
Forskningsöversikt (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)
|
|
| 9. |
- Diamond, Milton, et al.
(författare)
-
Evidence regarding cosmetic and medically unnecessary surgery on infants
- 2014
-
Ingår i: Journal of Pediatric Urology. - Amsterdam : Elsevier. - 1477-5131 .- 1873-4898. ; 10:1, s. 2-6
-
Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- The Journal of Pediatric Urology has recently published several articles from the Annecy (France) Working Party on DSD. We question several of the presented findings and recommendations. In two key articles summarizing their review, the authors concluded that identified studies are not representative and suffer from methodological weaknesses, such that they "lack the necessary detail to base further recommendations". In a third article, the Working Party reported that the science supporting early surgery is "scanty", and that "no studies" support the belief that gender variant children require early genital surgery. Nevertheless, the Working Party warned that without long-term research, "if no effort is made, we will be left, in the next generation, to continue making the same judgment, based on 'experience' and 'expert opinion' ". None of the studies cited in the articles support such assertions as we read them. We maintain that reviewed evidence suggests a moratorium on early surgical intervention is imperative for children with differences in sex development, and that the best ethical and scientific considerations require that gender surgery should be delayed until the child can consent. We further present evidence that UN and case law presently under way in the USA support such a moratorium.
|
|
| 10. |
- Epstein, Seth, Researcher, 1978-
(författare)
-
Rights of nature, human species identity, and political thought in the anthropocene
- 2022
-
Ingår i: The Anthropocene Review. - : Sage Publications. - 2053-0196 .- 2053-020X. ; 10:2, s. 415-433
-
Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- While much has been written about the efforts in multiple jurisdictions to recognize nature and natural features as rightsholders, there has been relatively little research into the relationship of these Rights of Nature developments to the Anthropocene. This article uses historian Dipesh Chakrabarty’s argument for the adoption of a human species identity in the Anthropocene as a jumping off point to analyze how legal rights for nature, such as those enacted in the Ecuador and New Zealand, can help address what Chakrabarty identifies as the challenges the Anthropocene presents to contemporary political thought. These pressing challenges include how to politicize relations between humans and non-humans, extend justice and the sphere of human morality to non-humans, cope with human limitations on our abilities to represent non-humans, and to initiate a withdrawal from a human-dominated world that is a common though uneven legacy of imperialism, capitalism, and globalization. The article argues that by providing responses to these challenges, Rights of Nature laws may also further the development of a human species identity. However, it also qualifies this conclusion in several important regards. First, the more expansive of these protections, embracing all of nature within political boundaries and relying on a remedial approach to justice and broad notions of representation in fact may hinder the adoption of the kind of species identity for which Chakrabarty has called. Second, as a cosmopolitan identity, this identity may be inhibited by continued circumscription of Rights of Nature by notions of state sovereignty.
|
|
