| 1. |
- Andersson, Gunnar, et al.
(författare)
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Automatic speed cameras in Sweden 2002-2003
- 2005
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- At the end of 2003, camera boxes were used to enforce speed for 30 sections of road. The total road distance was about 500 km, and the number of camera cabinets was 225. The system consists of fixed pole and cabinets installed at the side of the road. All sections where speed enforcement is undertaken are clearly signed with information about the speed cameras. Speed camera enforcement has resulted in a total of 4,801 photographed vehicles in 2002 and 9,402 vehicles in 2003. Motorcycles and emergency vehicles that make up about 2% of the traffic are not included. The number of approved photos was 2,565 during 2002 and 6,073 during 2003. The proportion of approved photos and contacts with the vehicle drivers has thus increased from 53% to 65%. Nearly the entire decrease in unsatisfactory photos can be attributed to technical defects.
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| 2. |
- Assum, Terje
(författare)
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Reduction of BAC limit from 0.05 to 0.02 percent in Norway : effects on driver knowledge and behavior. Some preliminary results
- 2001
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Ingår i: Proceedings of the conference Traffic Safety on Three Continents. - Linköping : Statens väg- och transportforskningsinstitut. ; , s. 504-514
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Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- It is a well established fact that the consumption of alcohol before driving a motor vehicle increases the accident risk. However, the importance of rather low blood alcohol concentrations (BAC) for accident risk is still under discussion. Norwegian studies find that drivers involved in fatal, alcohol-related accidents have on the average rather high BACs, above 0.1%. Some claim that "impairment occurs in most areas at the lowest BAC that can be reliably chemically determined". The question is thus: what effect will a reduction of the legal BAC limit from 0.05% to 0.02% have?
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| 3. |
- Chen, Erdong, et al.
(författare)
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Programming Police Enforcement in Highway Work Zones
- 2013
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Ingår i: Proceedings of the 16th International Conference Road Safety on Four Continents. - Linköping : Statens väg- och transportforskningsinstitut.
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Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Police enforcement is sometimes used by U.S. transportation agencies for safety improvement in work zones. The important question that must be answered by those responsible for programming police enforcement in work zones is: where, when and how to enforce? This paper presents a research conducted by the Purdue Center for Road Safety (CRS) for the Indiana Department of Transportation (INDOT) aimed to develop a tool for selecting work zones, periods of enforcement, and enforcement strategies that maximize the safety benefit within the available budget. This research included modeling of the crash frequency in work zones to better understand work zone safety factors and evaluating several police enforcement strategies through a carefully designed police enforcement experiment in selected work zones. The study has confirmed several findings of the previous studies and it has provided new results such as finding that Variable Message Sign units are highly effective in reducing drivers’ speed inside work zones. The practical outcome of this effort described in this paper is the Work Zone Police Enforcement Programming Tool (PEPT) used by INDOT to program cost-effective police enforcement activities.
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| 4. |
- Gustafsson, Susanne, et al.
(författare)
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The Swedish Joint Action Method against Drink Driving : A Study of Suspected Drink Drivers' Own Experiences
- 2016
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Ingår i: Traffic Injury Prevention. - : Taylor & Francis. - 1538-9588 .- 1538-957X. ; 17:6, s. 558-563
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In Sweden, a joint action method called SMADIT is in use, where the police quickly offer help from the social services or the dependency care and treatment service to suspected drink drivers. One conclusion from this paper is that SMADIT, as an innovative method that can be deployed more rapidly than other alcohol-impaired driving countermeasures, should be considered as a good complement to conventional methods to deal with drink driving.The objective of this paper is to analyse the experiences of suspected drink drivers who accepted the offer of help, and what it meant for them. To enable comparisons over time, in-depth interviews were conducted with twelve suspected drink drivers on two occasions with one year between.To varying degrees the informants knew about their alcohol problems, but were unsure if they would have sought help by themselves. Therefore, the original ideas of the method with an initial contact with the social services or the dependency care and treatment service within 24 hours, was found to be important. However, the results also showed that some of the informants needed some time before the first meeting as they were in shock from the drink driving incident or in need of sleep.Results also shows that an encouraging attitude among the police, the social services, and the dependency care and treatment service is important for the success of the SMADIT method. The informants are satisfied with the method, and in retrospect the incident and the SMADIT offer of help are described as a turning point in their lives. One year after being offered help the informants had gained insights into the harm they could have done to other road users when they drove while drunk.
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| 5. |
- Göransson Scalzotto, Joel, 1992-
(författare)
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Gig resistance - delivery regulations and grassroots initiatives : Insights from Spain
- 2023
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Det senaste decenniets framväxt av cykelbud i matleveranssektorn har gått hand i hand med framväxten av gigekonomin. Den sektoriella avsaknaden av trygga arbetsvillkor har gett upphov till stark kritik och ökande påbud om reglering av sektorn. I Spanien lanserades 2021 det hitintills mest ambitiösa lagförslaget med syfte att omstöpa den gigifierade cykelbudssektorn. Den så kallade Kurirlagen (La Ley Rider) dikterar att samtliga företag i leveranssektorn måste formellt anställa sina kurirer, vilket gjort företagens tidigare gig-modeller olagliga.Denna rapport undersöker perspektiv på lagen bland centrala aktörer, med särskilt fokus på kurirer och plattformskooperativ. Genom intervjuer med dessa aktörer presenteras perspektiv på Kurirlagen som väcker vissa tvivel kring dess effekt. De intervjuade aktörerna menar att den nya lagen visserligen har ett viktigt symboliskt värde men att dess inträde haft relativt liten effekt på maktbalansen mellan parterna på arbetsmarknaden. Att få företagen att efterfölja lagen har visat sig vara lika svårt som att införa den. Företagens förmåga att ständigt göra algoritmiska omstruktureringar som skapar nya legala gråzoner försvårar situationen ytterligare.
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| 6. |
- Jia, Keqin, et al.
(författare)
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Reducing alcohol-related driving on china’s roads : Traffic police officers’ perceptions and practice
- 2013
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Ingår i: Proceedings of the 16th International Conference Road Safety on Four Continents. - Linköping : Statens väg- och transportforskningsinstitut.
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Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- A national law was introduced in China in 2011 to criminalize drunk driving, and impose serious penalties including jail for driving with a blood alcohol level of above 80mg/100ml. This pilot study, undertaken a year after introduction of the law, sought traffic police officers’ perceptions of drink driving and the practice of breath alcohol testing (BAT) in a large city in Guangdong Province, southern China. A questionnaire survey and semi-structured interviews were used to gain an in-depth understanding of issues relevant to alcohol-related driving. Fifty-five traffic police officers were recruited for the survey and six traffic police officers with a variety of working experience including roadside alcohol breath testing, traffic crash investigation and police resourcing were interviewed individually. The officers were recruited by the first author with the assistance of the staff from Guangdong Institute of Public Health, Centre for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Interview participants reported three primary reasons why people drink and drive:being prepared to take the chance of not being apprehended by policethe strong traditional Chinese drinking cultureinsufficient public awareness about the harmfulness of drink drivingProblems associated with the process of breath alcohol testing (BAT) were described and fit broadly into two categories: resourcing and avoiding detection. It was reported that there were insufficient traffic police officers to conduct routine traffic policing, including alcohol testing. Police BAT equipment was considered sufficient for routine traffic situations but not highway traffic operations. Local media and posters are used by the Public Security Bureau which is responsible for education about safe driving but participants thought that the education campaigns are limited in scope. Participants also described detection avoidance strategies used by drivers including: changing route; ignoring a police instruction to stop; staying inside the vehicle with windows and doors locked to avoid being tested; intentionally not performing breath tests correctly; and arguing with officers.
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| 7. |
- Kircher, Katja, 1973-, et al.
(författare)
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Why Sweden should not do as everybody else does
- 2013
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Ingår i: PROCEEDINGS of the 3rd International Conference on Driver Distraction and Inattention, September 4-6, 2013, Gothenburg, Sweden. - Göteborg, Sweden.
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Sweden is the only country in Europe that does not outlaw handheld phone use while driving. This puts some political pressure on Sweden. The Swedish Government commissioned VTI to conduct a literature review on the effects of mobile communication on driving performance, on the legal situation in other countries, and whether there were any documented effects of a legislation. The literature showed that mobile communication does influence driving behaviour, but there appears to be no increased crash risk in real traffic.Also, laws do not have a lasting effect on how much drivers use their telephones. Therefore, the Swedish Government commissioned VTI to suggest countermeasures against the dangerous use of communication devices. Several countermeasures were presented, ranging from technical solutions over monetary incentives to education and information. It was stressed that no single countermeasure was expected to be satisfactory in itself, and that it is paramount to work with a human centred perspective. While the government proposed in December 2012 not to outlaw handheld phone use, the united political opposition, via its majority in the parliament, mandated the government in March 2013 to pass such a law. Besides that, the government proposed amendments to the current regulations for quick action.
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| 8. |
- Koushki, PA
(författare)
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The diminishing effectiveness of speed-monitoring cameras : the case of no enforcement
- 2001
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Ingår i: Proceedings of the Conference Road Safety on Three Continents in Pretoria, South Africa, 20-22 September 2000. - Linköping : Statens väg- och transportforskningsinstitut. ; , s. 163-179
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Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The problem of deteriorating road safety - marked by growing speed limitviolations and increasing number of road accidents - was the reason for theinstallation of speed-monitoring radar cameras at a number of strategicroadway locations in Kuwait in 1995. During the first months following theinstallation drivers' observation and respect for speed limits, especially inthe vicinity of the radar cameras were obvious. Mean traffic speeds at thesesites were significantly below those measured before the installation. Due tolack of enforcement of the speed violators, drivers' respect for the radarcameras has gradually diminished during subsequent years. Recent measurementsindicate that driver' respect for the speed limits have decreased even atcamera sites. Statistical tests confirm the measurements. Increasedenforcement of speed limits in the vicinity of the radar cameras is stronglyrecommended.
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| 9. |
- Nyström, Johan, 1979-, et al.
(författare)
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Degrees of freedom and innovations in construction contracts
- 2016
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Ingår i: Transport Policy. - : Elsevier BV. - 0967-070X .- 1879-310X. ; 47, s. 119-126
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- DB (Design and build) and DBB (Design-bid-build) represent two different contracting forms in construction. The first provides the contractor degrees of freedom in design, which enables innovation. DBB is the safe and traditional contracting form, where the client is responsible for the design and the contractor builds accordingly. Using a case study approach of five Swedish road construction projects, the present paper compares these contracting forms in terms of innovation. In this, the client's labelling of a contract being DB or DBB is taken at face value. It is established that the actual degrees of freedom for the contractors are highly restricted and that no important difference can be seen between the contracting forms regarding innovation. This implies that it is no reason to expect more innovation simply by labelling contracts as DB. Rational explanations for the usage of DB-contracts with bounds on the degrees of freedom are also suggested. Policy implications for promoting innovation in infrastructure contracting finalise the study. (C) 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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| 10. |
- Olykke, Grith Skovgaard, et al.
(författare)
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Defining abnormally low tenders : A comparison between Sweden and Denmark
- 2017
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Ingår i: Journal of Competition Law and Economics. - : Oxford University Press. - 1744-6414 .- 1744-6422. ; 13:4, s. 666-709
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The concept of an abnormally low tender is not defined in EU public procurement law. This article takes an interdisciplinary law and economics approach to examine a dataset consisting of Swedish and Danish judgments and verdicts concerning the concept of an abnormally low tender. The purpose is to determine how the concept has developed in practice in two Scandinavian countries with similar legal traditions, and whether the national solutions are economically efficient. The data indicate that economic operators use various pricing strategies which may result in tenders being rejected as abnormally low or the awards of contracts to such tenders being contested. The pricing strategies will (over time) result in the contracting authorities paying too high a price and they are, therefore, economically inefficient. It is concluded that diverse solutions to the handling of abnormally low tenders have developed in the two countries and, notably, that the approaches differ with regard to how they treat different pricing strategies. Thus, the solutions are also different in terms of economic efficiency.
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