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Sökning: hsv:(SAMHÄLLSVETENSKAP) hsv:(Psykologi) > Johansson Boo

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1.
  • Kajonius, Petri, 1974- (författare)
  • An Inquiry into Satisfaction and Variations in User-Oriented Elderly Care
  • 2015
  • Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
    • The foundation for this thesis is an ongoing discussion about quality in Swedish elderly care: Which are the most important factors that contribute to elderly care in terms of satisfaction among older persons, and what are the primary reasons for their differences? Aims. The principal aim was to examine what determines satisfaction with elderly care in home care and nursing homes, using the perspective of older persons (Studies I and II). The secondary aim was to analyze why these determinants differ, using the perspective of care workers, managers, and observers (Studies III and IV). Methods. Study I analyzed aggregated statistical data from the level of municipalities and districts (N = 324) based on the Swedish elderly care quality reports “Open Comparisons”, while Study II analyzed individual data based on the original ratings in the annual, nationwide elderly surveys (N = 95,000). Study III describes field observations and interviews with care workers and managers in two municipalities, one with a high rating for user satisfaction and one with an average rating. Study IV describes investigations in these two municipalities concerning their organizing principles and departmental level management climate. Results. The results relating to the principal aim showed that process factors (such as respect, information, and influence) are related considerably more closely than structural factors (such as budget, staffing levels, and training levels) to satisfaction with care. Other process factors (such as treatment, safeness, staff and time availability) were also able to alleviate person factors (such as health, anxiety, and loneliness). Moreover, the results relating to the secondary aim showed that differences in user-oriented elderly care are mainly due to interpersonal factors between the caregiver and the older person. Care workers, however, reported that other factors (such as organizing principles and leadership support) influence the quality of the care process. Overall, older persons who receive home care generally report higher satisfaction with care than those in nursing homes, and feeling less safe. It is possible that differences in the process of aging explain this. Value. This thesis shows that satisfaction with elderly care can be largely explained by psychological quality at the individual level. The sizes of structural resources and organizing principles at the municipal level have minimal effect (< 5%). The thesis also presents a theoretical multiple-level Quality Agents Model to explain the sources of differences in satisfaction with care, and it presents recommendations for elderly care practices. A renewed focus on the psychology of satisfaction may contribute to the development of quality in elderly care.
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2.
  • Yoneda, Tomiko, et al. (författare)
  • Trajectories of Personality Traits Preceding Dementia Diagnosis.
  • 2017
  • Ingår i: The journals of gerontology. Series B, Psychological sciences and social sciences. - : Oxford University Press (OUP). - 1079-5014 .- 1758-5368. ; 72:6, s. 922-931
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Background: Several retrospective studies using informant report have shown that individuals with dementia demonstrate considerable personality change. Two prospective studies, also using informant report, have shown that individuals who develop dementia show some personality changes prior to diagnosis. The current study is the first to assess personality trait change prior to dementia diagnosis using self-report measures from longitudinal data. Method: This study used data from the Swedish OCTO-Twin Study, a longitudinal panel of 702 twins aged 80 and older. Analysis was restricted to 86 individuals who completed the Eysenck Personality Inventory and received a dementia diagnosis during follow-up occasions. Latent growth curve analyses were used to examine trajectories of extraversion and neuroticism preceding dementia diagnosis. Results: Controlling for sex, age, education, depressive symptoms, and the interaction between age and education, growth curve analyses revealed a linear increase in neuroticism and stability in extraversion. Individuals who were eventually diagnosed with dementia showed a significant increase in neuroticism preceding diagnosis of dementia. Discussion: Personality change, specifically an increase in neuroticism, may be an early indicator of dementia. Identification of early indicators of dementia may facilitate development of screening assessments and aid in early care strategies and planning.
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3.
  • Hassing, Linda, 1967, et al. (författare)
  • Åldrande och kognition
  • 2005
  • Ingår i: Nordisk Psykologi. ; 57, s. 4-20
  • Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
    • This article provides an overview of cognitive aging research with focus on normal aging. Results from longitudinal studies have revealed that cognitive abilities are more stable than early findings from cross-sectional studies indicated. It is also clear that crystallized abilities, such as knowledge, vocabulary, and verbal abilities are mostly stable or even may show an improvement across the adult life-span, whereas fluid abilities such as speed, executive function, working memory, and episodic memory are negatively affected in aging. Although fluid cognitive abilities tend to decline with age crystallized abilities can provide cognitive support and in this respect compensate deficits in everyday problem solving. Much research has been conducted in the last decades to identify factors that contribute to cognitive aging. It is well established that genetic, health-related (e.g., hypertension, diabetes, homocysteine, and vitamin status), as well as lifestyle factors (e.g., education, substance use, physical- and social activities) are of importance for cognitive functioning. Some of the age-related variation in cognitive performance is also mediated by changes in other cognitive processes such as speed. There is, however, still age-related variation that has not been accounted for which emphasize the need for further research and suggest that multiple aging processes affect our central nervous system and thereby various mechanisms involved in cognitive functioning.
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4.
  • Henning, Georg, 1989, et al. (författare)
  • Towards an active and happy retirement? Changes in leisure activity and depressive symptoms during the retirement transition.
  • 2021
  • Ingår i: Aging & Mental Health. - : Routledge. - 1360-7863 .- 1364-6915. ; 25:4, s. 621-631
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Objectives: Retirement is a major life transition in the second half of life, and it can be associated with changes in leisure activity engagement. Although theories of retirement adjustment have emphasized the need to find meaningful activities in retirement, little is known about the nature of changes in leisure activity during the retirement transition and their association with mental health.Methods: Based on four annual waves of the 'Health, Aging and Retirement Transitions in Sweden' study, we investigated the longitudinal association of leisure activity engagement and depressive symptoms using bivariate dual change score models. We distinguished intellectual, social, and physical activity engagement.Results: We found increases in all three domains of activity engagement after retirement. Although level and change of activity and depressive symptoms were negatively associated, the coupling parameters were not significant, thus the direction of effects remains unclear.Conclusion: The results highlight the need to consider the role of lifestyle changes for retirement adjustment and mental health.
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6.
  • Johansson, Boo, et al. (författare)
  • Psychology of Longevity
  • 2015
  • Ingår i: Encyclopedia of Geropsychology. - Singapore : Springer. - 9789812870803 ; , s. 1-12
  • Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
    • Longevity denotes especially long-lived members of a population. It is separated from life expectancy which focuses on the likely mean age of death within a population. There is no overarching theory of aging and longevity or a specific psychological theory targeting longevity as the main outcome. Survival into advanced ages is determined by multiple influences of genes interacting with environmental conditions over the entire life span. Already from embryonic life, individual experiences and behavior influence health, functioning, and the likelihood for longevity. To capture all these dimensions in a single theory seems impossible. Biological theories focus on evolutionary aspects and underlying mechanisms for life and typically define longevity as the potential life span under ideal conditions. Foci in social theories are contextual influences related to survival, especially the socioeconomic environment that humankind has designed in the format of roles, institutions, and principles for age stratification over the life course. From a psychological perspective, longevity can be considered in relation to cognitive abilities, personality, and various aspects of well-being. The interactions of these psychological domains are expressed in our adaptation to everyday environmental demands and in later life to age-related biological changes, which in turn produce differential conditions for survival. In this respect, the psychology of longevity represents a nondeterministic approach in the crossroad of biological and social influences with a focus on biological constraints and socioeconomic prerequisites for cognition, personality, and affective components. There are several theoretical accounts proposed in biobehavioral and social sciences of relevance also for our understanding of the psychology of longevity. However, these theories and models do not typically focus on longevity as the main outcome. The manifestation of a survival advantage becomes visible when an individual lives longer than the average person, from the same birth cohort. Thus, longevity needs to be related to the actual life expectancy in a certain population. A substantial gap between the average life span and a long-lived person directs our attention to factors that may contribute to the observed differences. To conduct such a search, we have to compare mortality rates within an older population and examine whether we can identify shared psychological characteristics and behaviors among those who live the longest. Early ideas about longevity were typically based on the assumption that genetic influences and age-related biological changes produced unavoidable neurobiological changes and thereby changes in behavior. Later research gradually acknowledged that psychological characteristics and behavior are formed and expressed differently in various environmental contexts. Life-course influences, coping strategies relative to environmental demands, and more general lifestyles are therefore currently considered for their relevance to longevity. In this less deterministic view of longevity, psychological factors may have a more significant role. A general psychological stress model of aging provides a broad theoretical framework for the psychology of longevity. Coping strategies in the broadest sense can here be seen as the psychological mechanisms we employ to fit our own perceived resources to demands and challenges in the external environment and changes due to our own age-related bodily change. Unlike a stochastic theory that views aging and death as a result of stressors that cause wear and tear on cells and disrupt function, a stress model emphasizes that both external and internal psychological stressors can cross the mind-body barrier with effects on overall health, survival, and longevity. In the first section, we review empirical studies that illustrate the significance of cognitive “”functioning, personality, various aspects of self-perceived health and well-being in aging, as well as social connectedness. The focus is restricted to the potential role of these psychological factors as predictors of differences in survival rates in aging. At the end of the chapter, we synthesize these findings and suggest an overall theoretical account and model for the role of psychological factors in producing variance in survival and especially psychological predictors of longevity.
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7.
  • Karlsson, Peter, 1970-, et al. (författare)
  • Birth Cohort Differences in Fluid Cognition in Old Age : Comparisons of Trends in Levels and Change Trajectories Over 30 Years in Three Population-Based Samples
  • 2015
  • Ingår i: Psychology and Aging. - Washington, DC : American Psychological Association (APA). - 0882-7974 .- 1939-1498. ; 30:1, s. 83-94
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Later born cohorts of older adults tend to outperform earlier born on fluid cognition (i.e. Flynn effect) when measured at the same chronological ages. We investigated cohort differences in level of performance and rate of change across three population-based samples born in 1901, 1906, and 1930, drawn from the Gerontological and Geriatric Population Studies in Gothenburg, Sweden (H70), and measured on tests of logical reasoning and spatial ability at ages 70, 75 and 79 years. Estimates from multiple-group latent growth curve models (LGCM) revealed, in line with previous studies, substantial differences in level of performance where later born cohorts outperformed earlier born cohorts. Somewhat surprisingly later born cohorts showed, on average, a steeper decline than the earlier born cohort. Gender and education only partially accounted for observed cohort trends. Men outperformed women in the 1906 and 1930 cohorts but no difference was found in the 1901 cohort. More years of education was associated with improved performance in all three cohorts. Our findings confirm the presence of birth cohort effects also in old age but indicate a faster rate of decline in later born samples. Potential explanations for these findings are discussed. © 2015 American Psychological Association.
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8.
  • Karlsson, Peter, 1970-, et al. (författare)
  • Birth cohort differences in the effects of cardiovascular risk factors on fluid cognition in old age
  • 2016
  • Ingår i: 23NKG2016. ; , s. 78-79
  • Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Aim: A large body of evidence indicates that cardiovascular risk factors are related to neurodegenerative processes leading to cognitive decline and eventually dementia. The aim of this study was to investigate birth cohort differences in the effects of cardiovascular risk on cognitive performance and rate of cognitive change.Method: We used data from three cohorts born in 1901-02, 1906-07, and 1930 measured at ages 70, 75, and 79 years on two fluid cognitive measures (i.e. spatial ability and logical reasoning). We used the Framingham Risk Score based on simple office-based non-laboratory predictors (age, systolic blood pressure, BMI, smoking and diabetes status) to calculate cardiovascular risk.Findings: Estimates from multiple-group latent growth curve models (LGCM) revealed higher levels of cognitive performance but faster rate of decline in later born cohorts compared with earlier born cohorts. But most importantly, the results indicated no association between the Framingham risk score and cognitive performance or change.Conclusion: Our findings suggests either no association between cardiovascular risk and cognition in old age, or  that the Framingham Risk Score, based on simple office-based non-laboratory predictors, may not be suitable for predicting cognitive functioning in old age.
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9.
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10.
  • Karlsson, Peter, 1970-, et al. (författare)
  • Cohort Differences in the Association of Cardiovascular Risk and Cognitive Aging
  • 2018
  • Ingår i: GeroPsych. - Goettingen : Hogrefe & Huber Publishers. - 1662-9647 .- 1662-971X. ; 31:4, s. 195-203
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Aim: To investigate birth cohort differences in associations between cardiovascular risk and fluid cognition between the age of 70 and 79. Method: Data were drawn from representative population-based cohort samples (H70), born 1901–1902, 1906–1907, and 1930, measured at ages 70, 75, and 79 on fluid cognitive measures (spatial ability and logical reasoning). The Framingham Risk Score (FRS), derived from office-based nonlaboratory predictors (age, sex, systolic blood pressure, BMI, smoking, diabetes status), was used to measure cardiovascular risk. Multiple-group latent growth curve models were fitted to the data. Findings: Estimates revealed small associations between the FRS and fluid cognition. These associations were slightly reduced in the 1930 cohort. Conclusion: Findings suggest diminishing adverse effects of cardiovascular risk on cognitive aging in cohorts born later. © 2018 Hogrefe AG.
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