| 1. |
- Bokenberger, Kathleen, et al.
(författare)
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Shift work and cognitive aging : A longitudinal study
- 2017
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Ingår i: Scandinavian Journal of Work, Environment and Health. - : Nordic Association of Occupational Safety and Health (NOROSH). - 0355-3140 .- 1795-990X. ; 43:5, s. 485-493
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Objectives The few studies of shift work and late life cognitive functioning have yielded mixed findings. The aim of the present study is to estimate the association between shift-work experience and change in cognitive performance before and after retirement age among older adults who were gainfully employed.Methods Five hundred and ninety five participants with no dementia were followed up for a mean of 17.6 standard deviation (SD) 8.8 years from a Swedish population-based sample. Participants had self-reported information on any type of shift-work experience (ever/never) in 1984 and measures of cognitive performance (verbal, spatial, memory, processing speed, and general cognitive ability) from up to 9 waves of cognitive assessments during 1986–2012. Night work history (ever/never) from 1998–2002 was available from a subsample (N=320). Early adult cognitive test scores were available for 77 men.Results In latent growth curve modeling, there were no main effects of "any-type" or night shift work on the mean scores or rate of change in any of the cognitive domains. An interaction effect between any-type shift work and education on cognitive performance at retirement was noted. Lower-educated shift workers performed better on cognitive tests than lower-educated day workers at retirement. Sensitivity analyses, however, indicated that the interactions appeared to be driven by selection effects. Lower-educated day workers demonstrated poorer cognitive ability in early adulthood than lower-educated shift workers, who may have selected jobs entailing higher cognitive demand.Conclusion There was no difference in late-life cognitive aging between individuals with a history of working shifts compared to those who had typical day work schedules during midlife.
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| 2. |
- Clausén Gull, Ingela, et al.
(författare)
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Neighborhood conditions in a Swedish context - Two studies of reliability and validity of virtual systematic social observation using Google Street View
- 2023
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Ingår i: Frontiers in Psychology. - : Frontiers Media SA. - 1664-1078. ; 14
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Introduction: The goal of these studies was to investigate the reliability and validity of virtual systematic social observation (virtual SSO) using Google Street View in a Swedish neighborhood context.Methods: This was accomplished in two studies. Study 1 focused on interrater reliability and construct validity, comparing ratings conducted in-person to those done using Google Street View, across 24 study sites within four postal code areas. Study 2 focused on criterion validity of virtual SSO in terms of neighborhoods with low versus high income levels, including 133 study sites within 22 postal code areas in a large Swedish city. In both studies, assessment of the neighborhood context was conducted at each study site, using a protocol adapted to a Swedish context.Results: Scales for Physical Decay, Neighborhood Dangerousness, and Physical Disorder were found to be reliable, with adequate interrater reliability, high consistency across methods, and high internal consistency. In Study 2, significantly higher levels of observed Physical Decay, Neighborhood Dangerousness, and signs of garbage or litter were observed in postal codes areas (site data was aggregated to postal code level) with lower as compared to higher income levels.Discussion: We concluded that the scales within the virtual SSO with Google Street View protocol that were developed in this series of studies represents a reliable and valid measure of several key neighborhood contextual features. Implications for understanding the complex person-context interactions central to many theories of positive development among youth were discussed in relation to the study findings.
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| 3. |
- Kapetanovic, Sabina, 1980-, et al.
(författare)
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Aspects of the Parent–Adolescent Relationship and Associations With Adolescent Risk Behaviors Over Time
- 2019
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Ingår i: Journal of family psychology. - : American Psychological Association (APA). - 0893-3200 .- 1939-1293. ; 33:1, s. 1-11
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Parents' actions and knowledge of adolescents' whereabouts play key roles in preventing risk behaviors in early adolescence, but what enables parents to know about their adolescents' activities and what links there are to adolescent risk behaviors, such as substance use and delinquent behavior, remain unclear. In this study,we investigated whether different aspects of the parent–adolescent relationship predict parental knowledge, and we examined the direct and indirect longitudinal associations between these aspects of the parent–dolescent relationship and adolescents' self-reported delinquent behavior and substance use. The participants were 550 parents and their adolescent children from two small and two midsized municipalities in Sweden. Parental data were collected when the adolescents were 13 years old (mean), and adolescent data on riskbehaviors were collected on two occasions, when they were 13 and 14 years of age (mean). Structural path analyses revealed that adolescent disclosure, parental solicitation, and parental control predicted parental knowledge, with adolescent disclosure being the strongest source of parental knowledge and the strongest negative predictor of adolescent risk behaviors. Parenting competence and adolescents' connectedness to parents were indirectly, through adolescent disclosure and parental solicitation and parental control, associated with substance use and delinquent behavior. Some paths differed for boys and girls. In conclusion, confident parenting and a close parent–adolescent relationship in which adolescent disclosure is promoted, seem protective of adolescent engagement in risk behaviors
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| 4. |
- Sjöman, Madeleine, et al.
(författare)
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Social interaction and gender as factors affecting the trajectories of children's engagement and hyperactive behaviour in preschool
- 2021
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Ingår i: British Journal of Educational Psychology. - : John Wiley & Sons. - 0007-0998 .- 2044-8279. ; 91:2, s. 617-637
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background and aims: Social interactions in preschool and a child's gender are, in cross-sectional studies, related to the child's overall levels of hyperactive behaviour and engagement in preschool activities. However, whether social interaction and gender can predict children's engagement and hyperactivity is not thoroughly investigated. This study aims to investigate the longitudinal influence of gender, child-to-child interaction, and teacher responsiveness on the association between trajectories of children's levels of core engagement and hyperactive behaviour. It was hypothesized that peer-to-child interaction and teacher responsiveness in preschool settings are related to positive change in engagement among children with hyperactive behaviour, especially for boys.Sample and methods: Swedish preschool staff completed questionnaires assessing the variables of interest for children aged 1–5 (N = 203). Data were collected on three occasions over a two-year period. Latent growth curve (LGC) models were used to explore whether teacher responsiveness, peer-to-child interaction, and gender predict trajectories of engagement and hyperactivity.Results: The results revealed that high levels of hyperactivity were associated with lower levels of engagement on the first occasion. Positive peer-to-child interactions and responsive teachers were significant predictors of an increased level of engagement and decreased level of hyperactive behaviour, especially for boys.Conclusions: The findings underscore the need to improve social interactions, especially peer-to-child interactions, to improve engagement in children with hyperactive behaviour, especially boys. Implications for practices and research are discussed.
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| 5. |
- Nilsson, Håkan, 1962-, et al.
(författare)
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The bright triad of mindful leadership : an alternative to the Dark Triad of leadership.
- 2022
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Ingår i: Psychology of Leaders and Leadership. - : American Psychological Association (APA). - 2769-6863 .- 2769-6898.
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In this article, we draw on Buddhist psychology to consider the three attributesof high-quality social connections in the context of work, which are ethicalmindedness, loving kindness, and compassion, referred to here as the brighttriad of mindful leadership (BTML). These components constitute the positivecounterparts of the dark triad components of mindless leadership (i.e.,Machiavellianism, narcissism, psychopathy). The research on the dark triadof leadership appears to “glorify” these qualities, through suggesting thathigh-scoring leaders are more successful in achieving business goals. Weargue that this represents a too limited perspective and is one which poorlyresonates with the increased focus on sustainable work and work conditionsmarked by well-being, fairness, security, and trust. BTML, however, taps intothe call of the positive organizational scholarship field to focus on positive andvirtuous practices, and to foster high-quality relationships and positive outcomes in the workplace. We, in conceptualizing BTML, furthermore use theconcepts of cultivation, attention, and awareness to facilitate the leader’spresence in the moment, and we argue that these cumulatively are necessaryconditions for the triad of ethical mindedness, loving kindness, and compassionto permeate all activities that leaders engage in.
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| 6. |
- Persson, Roland S., 1958-
(författare)
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The few, the proud and the brave : Finding, hiring and managing gifted employees in a time of talent wars
- 2017
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- The notion of Talent Wars is the invention of worldwide consultants McKinsey & Company and their researchers in describing the scarcity of talent deemed necessary to further global and macro-economic growth during the Fourth Industrial Revolution. Everyone wants to find and employ talent but the general understanding of what talent is, is surprisingly vague somewhat mirroring the definition crisis in Gifted Education. Because of the growing need for talent management to sustain envisioned economic development it has become essential to merge the experience of several fields of application and research to eliminate management practices based mainly on ideology and wishful thinking to make an organizational culture and climate optimal for recruited talent. Gifted education has a fair understanding of who the gifted and talented are and what they need, even though theories and identification models vary considerably. Talent Management, on the other hand, is a relatively new phenomenon but no current model includes the notion of giftedness. Outside education systems the notion of talent is mainly used as a term for human capital relating mainly to the executive leaders of tomorrow. Yet current talent management practice still divides talent into high achievers, low achievers, and several stages in between, but without knowing much of the social and psychological dynamic following different levels of ability and competence well known to most academic scholars in education and psychology. Gifted education has much to contribute to talent management. This keynote will chart this new territory and pinpoint areas of contention, agreement, pitfalls, misconceptions and best practises as culled from Gifted Education, management, as well as from the documented experience of the Google Corporation; one of the World’s most successful businesses and most popular employers.
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| 7. |
- Blane, Alison, et al.
(författare)
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Assessing Cognitive Ability and Simulator-Based Driving Performance in Poststroke Adults
- 2017
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Ingår i: Behavioural Neurology. - : Hindawi Publishing Corporation. - 0953-4180 .- 1875-8584.
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Driving is an important activity of daily living, which is increasingly relied upon as the population ages. It has been well-established that cognitive processes decline following a stroke and these processes may influence driving performance. There is much debate on the use of off-road neurological assessments and driving simulators as tools to predict driving performance; however, the majority of research uses unlicensed poststroke drivers, making the comparability of poststroke adults to that of a control group difficult. It stands to reason that in order to determine whether simulators and cognitive assessments can accurately assess driving performance, the baseline should be set by licenced drivers. Therefore, the aim of this study was to assess differences in cognitive ability and driving simulator performance in licensed community-dwelling poststroke drivers and controls. Two groups of licensed drivers (37 poststroke and 43 controls) were assessed using several cognitive tasks and using a driving simulator. The poststroke adults exhibited poorer cognitive ability; however, there were no differences in simulator performance between groups except that the poststroke drivers demonstrated less variability in driver headway. The application of these results as a prescreening toolbox for poststroke drivers is discussed.
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| 8. |
- Chee, Derserri Yan-Ting, et al.
(författare)
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Driving Behaviour Profile of Drivers with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD)
- 2017
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Ingår i: Journal of autism and developmental disorders. - : Springer. - 0162-3257 .- 1573-3432. ; 47:9, s. 2658-2670
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The symptomatology of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) can make driving risky, but little is known about the on-road driving behaviour of individuals with ASD. This study assessed and compared the on-road driving performance of drivers with and without ASD, and explored how the symptomatology of ASD hinders or facilitates on-road driving performance. Sixteen drivers with ASD and 21 typically-developed drivers participated in the study. Drivers with ASD underperformed in vehicle manoeuvring, especially at left-turns, right-turns and pedestrian crossings. However, drivers with ASD outperformed the TD group in aspects related to rule-following such as using the indicator at roundabouts and checking for cross-traffic when approaching intersections. Drivers with ASD in the current study presented with a range of capabilities and weaknesses during driving.
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| 9. |
- Dahl Aslan, Anna K., et al.
(författare)
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Cognitive consequences of overweight and obesity in the ninth decade of life?
- 2015
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Ingår i: Age and Ageing. - : Oxford University Press. - 0002-0729 .- 1468-2834. ; 44:1, s. 59-65
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: the association between late-life obesity and late-life cognitive abilities is poorly understood. We studied the association between body mass index (BMI) and cognitive change in longitudinal population-based study spanning over the ninth decade of life.SUBJECTS/METHODS: in total, 475 participants free of dementia at baseline from the Lothian Birth Cohort 1921 (mean age: 79.1 years, SD: 0.6) were included. Height and weight were assessed at baseline. BMI was calculated as kg/m(2). Cognitive abilities were assessed at age ∼11 years and at age ∼79, ∼83, ∼87 and ∼90 years.RESULTS: latent growth models showed that men being overweight and obese had a 0.65 (SD: 0.3) and 1.10 (SD: 0.5) points less steep decline in general cognitive ability (as measured by the Moray House Test) for each year than people of normal weight. These associations were to some extent confounded by childhood intelligence. No other association between BMI and cognition was significant, either for men or women. People who were obese in old age had significantly lower childhood intelligence (m = 43.6, SD: 1.3) than people who were normal in weight (m = 47.0, SD: 0.8) and persons being overweight (m = 47.5, SD: 0.8), F (472, 3) = 3.2, P = 0.043.CONCLUSIONS: the current study shows weak or no evidence for an association between BMI in old age and cognitive function, especially not when childhood intelligence is controlled for. Lower intelligence at the age of 11 years predicted obesity at the age of 79 years.
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| 10. |
- Ericsson, Malin, et al.
(författare)
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Childhood social class and cognitive aging in the Swedish Adoption/Twin Study of Aging
- 2017
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Ingår i: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. - : National Academy of Sciences. - 0027-8424 .- 1091-6490. ; 114:27, s. 7001-7006
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In this report we analyzed genetically informative data to investigate within-person change and between-person differences in late-life cognitive abilities as a function of childhood social class. We used data from nine testing occasions spanning 28 y in the Swedish Adoption/Twin Study of Aging and parental social class based on the Swedish socioeconomic index. Cognitive ability included a general factor and the four domains of verbal, fluid, memory, and perceptual speed. Latent growth curve models of the longitudinal data tested whether level and change in cognitive performance differed as a function of childhood social class. Between-within twin-pair analyses were performed on twins reared apart to assess familial confounding. Childhood social class was significantly associated with mean-level cognitive performance at age 65 y, but not with rate of cognitive change. The association decreased in magnitude but remained significant after adjustments for level of education and the degree to which the rearing family was supportive toward education. A between-pair effect of childhood social class was significant in all cognitive domains, whereas within-pair estimates were attenuated, indicating genetic confounding. Thus, childhood social class is important for cognitive performance in adulthood on a population level, but the association is largely attributable to genetic influences.
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