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- Schouten, Peer, 1983, et al.
(författare)
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Le 6ème chantier ? L'économie politique de l'exploitation aurifière artisanale et le sous-développement en Ituri
- 2013
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Ingår i: L'Afrique des Grands Lacs - Annuaire 2012-2013. - Paris : l'Harmattan. - 9782343017631 ; , s. 219-247
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Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The conflict that haunted Ituri until approximately 2005 revolved in no small part around control over Ituri’s vast mineral resources, in particular gold. As such, Ituri’s gold formed a prime example of what is widely called ‘conflict minerals’, constituting a source of funding for rebel activities. Now that the conflict ended nearly a decade ago, this article attempts to assess the role gold plays in Ituri’s (under)development. In particular, it aims to provide a broad overview of the political economy of artisanal gold mining, that is, the variegated ways in which the artisanal gold mining sector is governed. It does so based on the wealth of empirical data generated by a large quantitative and qualitative research project coordinated by the authors and conducted in late 2011 by IKV Pax Christi and Haki na Amani. The article proposes a distinction between three modes of governance (or apparatuses) that structure artisanal mining activities, each more or less confined to specific zones. As such, this article sketches a topography of the overlapping and shifting arrangements that structure how and where profits are accrued during the gold extraction processes. The first type of zone we identify is where gold is governed by a relatively stable politico- economic apparatus composed of low-ranking state representatives and traditional authorities. Second is the militarized mode of governance, concentrated in zones where both rebels and Congolese armed forces are heavily involved in structuring artisanal gold mining. The third type of zone corresponds to industrial mining concessions, where governance of artisanal mining is best characterized as ambiguous—for it is unclear what rights artisanal miners have here, yet still artisanal mining is here subject to intense but constantly shifting governance by state agents and mining companies. Thus, while all of Ituri’s gold is currently exported illegally, this does not preclude the ubiquitous involvement of state actors in the organization of the gold extraction and trade. Based on this typology, the article presents a detailed overview of the dynamics in each zone. The discussion aims to show how both the conflict potentiality of gold mining and the contribution that artisanal gold mining makes to development in Ituri vary in function of which mode of governance prevails at any given mining site.
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- Antomarchi, Véronique, et al.
(författare)
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Tourisme et femmes
- 2010
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Ingår i: Teoros. - Montreal : UQAM. - 1923-2705. ; 29:2, s. 87-92
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Aujourd’hui, l’importance du genre dans les études portant sur le tourisme n’est plus un sujet nécessitant un débat. En effet, depuis les années 1990, une littérature conséquente montre l’importance du genre dans ce domaine. La relation entre genre et tourisme peut être pensée de différentes façons. Annette Pritchard et Nigel Morgan (2000) reprennent les propositions antérieures de Rao (1995) en affirmant que le lien le plus notable entre le genre et le tourisme provient du fait que le tourisme apparaît comme le produit d’une société «genrée». Le développement du tourisme reflète bien les relations entre les sexes ainsi que leurs variations dans le temps et dans l’espace. Moins d’une décennie plus tard, Pritchard et al. (2007 : 1), tout en montrant le rôle important joué par le féminisme sur la question du genre et du tourisme, se demandent désormais si, à l’ère du postmodernisme, féminisme et analyse de genre ne seraient pas dépassés, voire obsolètes
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- Bellemare-Page, Stéphanie, et al.
(författare)
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Présentation : Le lieu du Nord
- 2015
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Ingår i: Le lieu du Nord. - : Presses de L'Université du Québec. - 9782760541528 ; , s. [VII]-XIII
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Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)
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- Burman, Anders
(författare)
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Des lieux avec lesquels penser, des livres auxquels penser: Mots, expérience et décolonisation de la connaissance dans les Andes boliviennes
- 2012
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Ingår i: IdeAs - Idées d'Amériques. - 1950-5701. ; 2
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Many Aymara men and women claim that human knowledge as transmitted through language is pure ‘siwsawi’, i.e. talk, opinions, views and judgments of particular individuals. As such it is knowledge of a particular kind; it is knowledge concerning the opinions of other humans, nothing else. It is thereby significantly different from the non-linguistic, experiential knowledge that is lived-through and gained in, from, with and within the world. This kind of knowledge is ‘ukamaw’, the way things are. Lines of reasoning such as these have been addressed by linguists interested in the dynamics of ‘evidentiality’, i.e. the way languages provide an array of mechanisms for communicating how people regard the source and trustworthiness of their knowledge. It has been shown that Aymara speakers constantly use linguistic ‘data-source marking’ in order to indicate whether they are speaking from personal experiential knowledge, from knowledge acquired through language, or from non-personal knowledge. In this paper, the two first categories will be discussed in some detail. When people distinguish between the ‘siwsawi’ nature of the knowledge acquired through human language and the ‘ukamaw’ nature of the personal knowledge acquired through non-linguistic interaction with other knowledgeable subjects in the world, they use a fundamental Aymara linguistic logic. In Aymara society, the failure to indicate from what kind of knowledge one speaks is looked upon with suspicion. When university lecturers fail to do so, e.g. when they seem to claim to have personal knowledge of a certain topic for having read a book about it, Aymara students tend to come to the conclusion that lectures and books are good enough if you are interested in people’s opinions and judgments, but they are no more than siwsawi; words said, heard and read, not experience lived. Thus, this way of distinguishing between different kinds of knowledge according to their source and supposed reliability has interesting implications for the current process of decolonization of the Bolivian University and the recent establishment of ‘indigenous universities’ as integral parts of the decolonizing state politics launched by the Evo Morales administration. In this paper I pose the question that if books and lectures are basically about the opinions and judgments of particular individuals, and proper knowledge is to be gained only in the experiential, non-linguistic, inter-relational dealings with and in the world, wouldn’t a project aimed at decolonizing knowledge and decolonizing the University precisely by way of books and lectures, i.e. a logocentric project of decolonization, be a venture fated to reproduce the colonial epistemological asymmetries of knowledge production? On the one hand, then, this paper scrutinizes the problems linked to the ‘siwsawi’ nature of conventional (colonial) academic knowledge in relation to a critical process of decolonization. On the other hand, it explores the ‘ukamaw’ nature of experiential knowledge and the prospects for this kind of knowledge to lay the fundaments for a decolonial epistemological transformation of the Bolivian University. Fundamentally, this paper addresses issues such as what it means to know, what knowledge is, and what it means to be a knowing and knowledgeable subject in the Bolivian Andes today, in a context where subalternized traditions of thought gain new urgency in new educational and political dynamics and where different visions and claims of truth coexist, coalesce and collide.
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