| 1. |
- Armbrecht, John, et al.
(författare)
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Covid-19 och hållbara evenemang : Påverkan, anpassning och framtid för evenemang inom idrott och friluftsliv
- 2021
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Rapport (populärvet., debatt m.m.)abstract
- Evenemangsbranschen kopplad till Sveriges idrotts- och friluftsliv har påverkats kraftigt av pandemin. I det korta perspektivet har tusentals människors jobb och fritid påverkats då aktiviteter uteblivit och evenemang ställts in. De långsiktiga konsekvenserna kan leda till en förändrad syn på hur man i framtiden kommer att resa, delta i evenemang och använda arenor. Detta får i sin tur konsekvenser för miljön. Denna rapport beskriver och analyserar studier gjorda under 2020 för att bättre förstå vilka effekter inställda evenemang har gett upphov till, men också huruvida det finns något i pandemin som kan bidra till mer hållbara evenemang. Studierna utgår från frågorna hur arrangörer och konsumenter påverkas av pandemin, hur alternativa evenemangslösningar kan uppstå och hur erfarenheterna kan tillvaratas efter pandemin. Rapporten bygger dels på tidigare forskning, dels på en enkät som skickats ut av Riksidrottsförbundet till samtliga anslutna föreningar våren 2020 (n=3 513), och på en enkät som Visit Stockholm och Göteborg & Co skickade till svensk allmänhet hösten 2020 (n=3 159). En stor del av idrottsutövandet i Sverige sker i organiserad form i någon av landets idrottsföreningar. För föreningarna och utövandet är evenemang centrala, och upp emot 90 procent av alla intäkter som föreningarna förlorat under pandemins första våg kan kopplas till uteblivna evenemang. Det är givetvis en varierande grad av intäktsbortfall, men hårdast drabbade i ekonomiska termer är ishockeyn och fotbollen. De största intäktsbortfallen vid uteblivna evenemang kan kopplas till anmälningsavgifter, biljettintäkter, sponsormedel och försäljning. Men, det blir också tydligt att det finns påtagliga negativa effekter som inte i första hand rör ekonomi. Vanliga icke-ekonomiska effekter är medlemstapp, liksom att färre aktiviteter leder till ökad fysisk och psykisk ohälsa, försämrad integration samt att idrotten inte längre får samma möjlighet att sprida glädje och gemenskap. Föreningarna framhåller behoven av ekonomiskt stöd men efterfrågar också stödbehov kopplat till att tolka riktlinjer, driva enskilda frågor gentemot ii myndigheter och andra, förnya evenemangen och inte minst hjälp med marknadsföring i tider när evenemangen startar upp igen. Enkäten som under hösten riktades till den svenska allmänheten visar att många kände sig negativt påverkade av inställda evenemang och ansåg att deras livskvalitet påverkats negativt. Evenemang ligger nära livsstil för många besökare och i rapporten diskuteras begreppet serious leisure där evenemang konstateras påverka människors vardag före, under och efter själva evenemanget. De flesta respondenter anser att digitala evenemang inte helt kan ersätta de evenemang där man träffas fysiskt. Dock anger var femte respondent att digitala evenemang helt eller delvis kan vara ett fullgott alternativ för framtiden vilket är en stor framtida utmaning och möjlighet både kommersiellt och miljömässigt. Pandemin har ökat medvetenheten om trygghet och säkerhet. I rapporten konstateras att det finns en rad åtgärder som arrangörer kan vidta för att möta besökares oro och farhågor. Utöver handsprit, närvarande publikvärdar och annat efterfrågas också större avstånd till andra besökare. Detta kan innebära en utveckling med fler evenemang men med färre besökare. Studien synliggör miljömässiga effekter där det kortsiktigt blivit ett minskat eller uteblivet resande på grund av inställda evenemang. Relativt få arrangörer har jobbat med att anpassa sina evenemang till distansoberoende genom exempelvis streaming eller andra digitala tjänster. På längre sikt konstateras dock pandemin kunna leda till att hela eller delar av evenemang anpassas till ett digitalt format, vilket kan innebära minskat resande och minskad miljöbelastning. Det kan också leda till ett ändrat användande av den infrastruktur som kopplas till evenemang, exempelvis minskat eller ändrat beroende av arenor. Sammantaget kan det konstateras att miljöfrågorna får står tillbaka under en brinnande kris som en pandemi utgör. Fokus ligger på verksamheternas överlevnad, akuta åtgärder och uthållighet. Men såväl direkt som indirekt kan pandemin påverka svenskars evenemangsbeteende. Detta ändrade beteende kan i sin tur påverka miljön både direkt och indirekt. Mer kunskap på området är nödvändig på väg mot målet och mer hållbara evenemang.
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| 2. |
- Brouder, Patrick
(författare)
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Creative Outposts: Tourism's Place in Rural Innovation
- 2012
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Ingår i: Tourism Planning & Development. - : Routledge. - 2156-8316 .- 2156-8324. ; 9:4, s. 383-396
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The aim of this paper is to investigate the dynamics of local tourism innovation in order to see how tourism development benefits tourism stakeholders including the local community. The paper is concerned with the social impacts of tourism and contends that there is a latent positive social capital in rural communities. Some "creative outposts" manage not just to survive but to thrive, and tourism often acts as a catalyst for innovative local development. Examples of tourism innovation can be new and better interactions among tourism stakeholders as well as changes in institutional arrangements. Entrepreneurs and institutional stakeholders are interviewed to investigate the dynamics of local tourism innovation. The social dimension in which tourism stakeholders operate is poorly understood and this paper presents a case study of Jokkmokk village with results showing tourism has a subtle yet palpable positive social role in the community. Themes emerging from the interviews are: the tourist office and tourism firms co-evolve over time, tourism networks are loose and project-based, tourism is a desirable diversifier, and tourism contributes to the local leisure space. Particular focus is given to the fact that this is an Arctic rural community, and the research provides a basis for understanding tourism innovation systems in this context. Tourism development is found to be complementary to rural coping strategies in "creative outposts".
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| 3. |
- Brouder, Patrick, et al.
(författare)
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Staying Power : What Influences Micro-Firm Survival in Tourism?
- 2013
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Ingår i: Tourism Geographies. - : Routledge. - 1461-6688 .- 1470-1340. ; 15:1, s. 125-144
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The purpose of this paper is to investigate how previous experience and location of entrepreneurs influence the survival of new tourism firms. The paper departs from recent evolutionary economic geography advancements, highlighting the importance of routines and skills as well as location-specific knowledge for firm success. While having been well-researched for manufacturing industries characterized by high entry barriers, little knowledge is currently available on the factors influencing survival rates in service sectors with low entry barriers. A quantitative approach applies hazard models to investigate the survival rates over a seven-year period of a total of 133 new micro-tourism firms started between 1999 and 2001 in the four northernmost counties of Sweden. The geo-referenced micro-database ASTRID links information on firm features (e.g. firm births and deaths, spatial coordinates and industry codes) to characteristics of entrepreneurs (e.g. age, education, previous experience). The main finding is that entrepreneurs with previous work experience in related sectors are more likely to survive and, in this case, entrepreneurs without local experience tend to be less successful. We find no evidence that new firms operating in regions specialized in tourism have a survival advantage. Our analysis also indicates that surviving firms improve performance over time. The paper thus contributes new knowledge on the determinants of micro-firm survival in tourism.
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| 4. |
- Brouder, Patrick, et al.
(författare)
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Tourism Evolution : On the Synergies of Tourism Studies and Evolutionary Economic Geography
- 2013
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Ingår i: Annals of Tourism Research. - : Elsevier. - 0160-7383 .- 1873-7722. ; 43, s. 370-389
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Evolutionary Economic Geography (EEG) is receiving increasing interest from tourism scholars. EEG has proven to be a useful explanatory paradigm in other sectors, e.g., high-technology and creative sectors. There remains, however, a lack of theoretical discussion on evolutionary principles of economic change within relatively low-technology service sectors, of which tourism is a prime example. This paper introduces EEG to a wider tourism audience by presenting the core principles of EEG and how they relate to tourism studies. A selection of new research paths combining EEG and tourism studies is highlighted together with a number of latent research synergies which can progress both EEG and tourism studies. The paper calls for further empirical and conceptual engagement with EEG by tourism scholars.
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| 5. |
- de la Barre, Suzanne, et al.
(författare)
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Consuming stories: Placing food in the arctic tourism experience
- 2013
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Ingår i: Journal of Heritage Tourism. - : Routledge. - 1743-873X .- 1747-6631. ; 8:2-3, s. 213-223
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The Circumpolar North holds an increasing allure for travellers, combining romantic perceptions of ‘wilderness’ with a nostalgia for a frontier land far removed from ‘civilization’ and the maladies of modernity. Following global food tourism trends, the unique attributes of the circumpolar cupboard are being recognized, thus enhancing the appeal of northern destinations. Arctic food tourism is embracing the rich storytelling traditions of circumpolar peoples, both the indigenous people who have always lived with the land and more recent newcomers who have made ‘the North’ their home. The slow and local food movements are also impacting how Arctic foods are presented within tourism. This article examines emerging food tourism trends in the Circumpolar North. The growing importance of food and its relationship to land-based traditions and tourism activities in northern Canada and Sweden is evaluated. How northern foods and food-related traditions are used to position polar tourism in the marketplace is explored through textual analysis. There are unique challenges posed by this complex development environment including challenges encountered in developing tourism in peripheral areas generally, as well as specific food-related matters. Results underline impacts of food tourism trends and highlight how, in the North, consuming food is also about consuming stories.
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| 6. |
- Fredman, Peter, et al.
(författare)
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Economic values in the Swedish nature-based recreation sector : a synthesis
- 2012
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Ingår i: Tourism Economics. - London : IP Publishing. - 1354-8166 .- 2044-0375. ; 18:4, s. 903-910
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- This research synthesis reports the main findings from a review of economic values associated with nature-based recreation in Sweden. The purpose of the work was to support policy and to identify areas for future research. Data came from over 150 scientific publications and other public sources. The authors find inter alia a lack of systematic data for several recreation activities (including naturebased tourism), a significant growth in the outdoor equipment industry and a relatively modest economic involvement by the public sector. The information is structured under different categories to illustrate the significance and range of different economic values. The authors conclude that there is a need for more comprehensive and systematically collected data, methodological development and interdisciplinary research.
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| 7. |
- Ioannides, Dimitri, 1961-, et al.
(författare)
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Tourism in the USA : A spatial and social synthesis
- 2010
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Bok (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The United States continues to provide opportunities for travel and tourism to domestic and international travellers. This is the first book to offer students a comprehensive overview of both tourism and travel in this region, paying specific attention to the disciplines of Geography, Tourism Studies and, more generally, Social Science. Tourism in the USA explains the evolution of tourism paying attention to the forces that shaped the product that exists today. The focus of the book includes the manner in which tourism has played out in various contexts; the role of federal, state, and local policy is also examined in terms of the effects it has had on the US travel industry and on destinations. The various elements of tourism demand and supply are discussed and the influence that transportation (especially Americans’ high personal mobility rates and love affair with the auto) has had on the sector highlighted. The economics of tourism are fleshed out before focusing more narrowly on both the urban and rural settings where tourism occurs. A look into the manner in which the spatial structure of cities is transformed through tourism is also offered. Additionally, a brief examination of future issues in American tourism is presented along with explanations concerning the ascendancy of tourism as an economic development tool in various areas. The book combines theory and practice as well as integrating a range of useful student orientated resources to aid understanding and spur further debate, which can be used for independent study or in class exercises. These include: ‘Closer Look’ case studies with reflective questions to help show theory in practice and encourage critical thinking about tourism developments in this region ‘Discussion questions’ at the end of each chapter encourage stimulating debates ‘Further Reading’ sections direct the readers to related book and web resources so that they can learn more about the topics covered in each chapter.Table of Contents1. Introduction 2. American Tourism: A Study through Time 3. The Institutional Setting for Tourism in the United States 4. Demand for Tourism in the United States 5. Tourist Attractions, Tourism Types, Accommodations, and Intermediaries 6. The Transportation System 7. Tourism’s Economic Significance 8. Urban Tourism in the US 9. On the Road to Small Town USA: Rural Tourism and its Significance 10. Conclusions
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| 8. |
- Margaryan, Lusine, et al.
(författare)
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Natural amenities and the regional distribution of nature-based tourism supply in Sweden
- 2017
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Ingår i: Scandinavian Journal of Hospitality and Tourism. - : Informa UK Limited. - 1502-2250 .- 1502-2269. ; 17:2, s. 145-159
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Nature-based tourism is often perceived as one of the easiest and readily-available tools for regional development and diversification of rural economies, and Sweden is not an exception. Successful tourism development, however, depends on various amenities, which vary with region. This article, based on a national survey among nature-based tourism service providers in Sweden, discusses general characteristic of Swedish nature-based tourism supply, reveals the most important natural amenities from the supply perspective and discusses the patterns of their regional variation. It is further investigated how distributions of various amenities is related to the density of nature-based tourism operations across regions. The scope of the analysis includes three levels: country, land and county. Results show that nature-based tourism in Sweden is a highly diversified sector, which demonstrates significant north-south variations, visible on the level of the three lands. On the level of counties, natural and human-made amenities are comparable in their power to predict distribution of NBT operations, suggesting that the border between NBT and other forms of tourism is not as distinct as is often imagined.
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| 9. |
- Gyimóthy, Szilvia, et al.
(författare)
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Popculture tourism : A research manifesto
- 2015
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Ingår i: Tourism Research Frontiers. - Bingley : Emerald Group Publishing Limited. - 9781783509935 - 9781783509942 ; 20, s. 13-26
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Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Tourism in the wake of films, literature, and music is gaining interest among academics and practitioners alike. Despite the significance of converging tourism and media production and popcultural consumption, theorizing in this field is weak. This chapter explores complex relationships among popcultural phenomena, destination image creation, and tourism consumption. By taking a broader social science approach, it revisits and connects research themes, such as symbolic consumption, negotiated representations, fans and fandom, technology mediation, and media convergence. The chapter concludes with an integrative model, or "popcultural placemaking loop," which is qualified through six propositions. Copyright © 2015 by Emerald Group Publishing Limited.
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| 10. |
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