| 1. |
- Henning, Martin, et al.
(författare)
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Innovation and regional transformation : From clusters to new combinations
- 2010
-
Bok (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- In summary, this book considers the conditions for a future innovation policy in Skåne from two perspectives. Firstly, from the existing economic structure; and secondly, from the experience gained from initiatives already in place. With a common theoretical understanding of the problem area, the book integrates a number of methodologically different approaches. Such a combination of methods is rare, yet provides a deeper understanding of the nature of the economy, of how the various sectors and industries are related to each other in terms of skills, and of how development initiatives for the various industries or clusters work. Theoretical discussions are intertwined with empirical observations of Skåne’s economy. In this way, the book is an introduction to contemporary innovation and policy literature, as well as a more specific discussion and decision basis for actors involved in the economy and policy of both Skåne and Sweden.
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| 2. |
- Eriksson, Rikard, 1979-, et al.
(författare)
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Industrial and geographical mobility of workers during industry decline : the Swedish and German shipbuilding industries 1970–2000
- 2016
-
Ingår i: Geoforum. - : Elsevier. - 0016-7185 .- 1872-9398. ; 75, s. 87-98
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This article follows the industry employment histories of all individuals who at some point have been affiliated with the declining German or the dismantling Swedish shipbuilding industry during 1970–2000. We analyse the situation of the individual workers leaving shipbuilding, investigating the extent to which they were employed at all, tended to move to related sectors within or outside the region, and whether such moves were beneficial for the individuals. Combining insights from labour geography and redundancy studies with evolutionary economic geography, we find remarkably similar results for the West German and Swedish cases. Our findings indicate a notable impact of the regional industry structure on the labour market outcomes for workers leaving shipbuilding. This suggests that more attention should be devoted to the specific structures of the absorptive capacity of regional labour markets. The findings are discussed within the context of a mature industry.
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| 3. |
- Eriksson, Rikard, 1979-, et al.
(författare)
-
Nedläggningars och stora neddragningars effekter på branscher och yrkesroller : en analys utifrån geografi och kön
- 2020
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Syftet med denna studie är att öka kunskapen om yrkes- och branschrörligheten hos de individer som förlorar jobbet vid större nedläggningar och neddragningar. Detta för att belysa eventuella behov av regionalt anpassade stödinsatser och den hänsyn man bör ta till mäns och kvinnors genomsnittliga rörelsemönster för att främja en mer jämställd arbetsmarknad. Innehållet vänder sig i huvudsak till aktörer från företag, omställningsorganisationer och offentlig sektor.Studien visar att den del av den svenska arbetskraften som har blivit utsatt för nedläggningar och nedskärningar i genomsnitt klarar sig ganska bra på kort sikt (5 år). Detta även under den turbulenta period i svensk ekonomi som vi har studerat: 2007–2010. Majoriteten får ett nytt jobb snabbt och i den mån individerna får lägre inkomst så är inkomsttappet marginellt. De som tjänar mest innan arbetsplatsförändringen är också de som upplever störst negativa lönekonsekvenser i absoluta tal. Det är svårt att göra en internationell jämförelse, men enligt OECD:s analys och sammanställning är de negativa lönekonsekvenserna för arbetstagare i de nordiska länderna (inklusive Sverige) mindre i jämförelse med övriga avancerade ekonomier (OECD 2013).Sett till de branschmässiga och geografiska rörlighetsmönstren är det många som väljer, eller erbjuds, att stanna inom samma yrke och bransch. Nära en tredjedel byter både bransch och yrke trots risken att en stor del av individens ackumulerade kompetens blir outnyttjad på det nya jobbet. Samtidigt bidrar personalrörligheten, i synnerhet vid en lyckad matchning mellan arbetstagarens kompetenser och företagets etablerade kunskapsstruktur, till kunskapsspridning mellan företag och branscher.De regionala ekonomiernas branschsammansättning spelar stor roll för individernas möjligheter till snabb återanställning och möjlighet att hitta ett jobb i en annan region. Bland framgångsrika ”återanställarregioner” finns det både stora och mindre regioner. Allt handlar alltså inte om den regionala ekonomins storlek. Regional närvaro av relaterade branscher spelar en särskilt positiv roll för möjligheterna till återanställning.Studiens resultat pekar på de fördelar som både regioner och individer kan ha av att nya arbetsmöjligheter uppstår i relaterade branscher. Rörligheten kan minska omställningskostnaderna eftersom individernas kompetenser har större sannolikhet att i någon grad kunna användas i den nya verksamheten.Ur ett jämställdhetsperspektiv ser vi att kvinnor är överrepresenterade i gruppen med lägst lön. De är också underrepresenterade i gruppen som är på väg att ”ta sig ur” låginkomstgruppen på grund av, eller kanske tack vare, nedskärningar och nedläggningar. Dessa resultat håller även om man kontrollerar för en rad individuella och strukturella faktorer.Rörlighetsmönstren vid nedskärningar och nedläggningar tenderar att reproducera gamla könsuppdelningar och ”arbetsdelningen” mellan könen på arbetsmarknaden. I vissa fall förstärks till och med dessa skillnader. Kvinnor trängs ut från, eller väljer att lämna, arbeten inom tillverkningsindustrin i högre grad än männen. Motsvarande sker för män inom exempelvis vård- och omsorgssektorn. Omställningens dynamik tycks med andra ord vara en konserverande snarare än en progressiv kraft för att minska könsskillnader.Samtidigt visar resultaten att kvinnor klarar sig signifikant bättre än män, vad gäller skillnad i yrkesstatus mellan det gamla och nya jobbet, i gruppen som blir friställda från lågstatusyrken.
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| 4. |
- Andersson, Lars-Fredrik, et al.
(författare)
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Workers’ participation in regional economic change following establishment closure
- 2020
-
Ingår i: Small Business Economics. - : Springer. - 0921-898X .- 1573-0913. ; 54:2, s. 589-604
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This article analyses if and when workers affected by economic destruction in the form of establishment closures move to more productive or newly started establishments in the region, become self-employed, leave the region or become displaced. Results from multinominal probit models show that the majority of these workers face destructive employment outcomes from a Schumpeterian point of view compared to a matched sample of workers not subject to a closure. However, we do find indications of a creative destruction as a small, albeit significant, share become employed in young establishments. Different types of human capital influence the likelihood of triggering positive or negative regional outcomes. While higher education significantly decreases the risk for unemployment, high-income earners more often become engaged in creative outcomes. Firm tenure increases the likelihood of becoming employed in younger establishments. There are significant spatial differences where metropolitan regions excel as loci of creative change, whereas smaller and peripheral regions face far less creative outcomes of economic transformation.
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| 5. |
- Hane-Weijman, Emelie, et al.
(författare)
-
Returning to work : regional determinants of re-employment after major redundancies
- 2018
-
Ingår i: Regional studies. - : Routledge. - 0034-3404 .- 1360-0591. ; 52:6, s. 768-780
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Using matched employer-employee data on roughly 429,000 workers made redundant from large plant closures or major downsizing in Sweden between 1990-2005, this paper analyses the role of the regional industry mix (specialization, related and unrelated variety) in the likelihood of returning to work. Our results show that a high presence of same or related industries speeds up the re-employment process, while high concentrations of unrelated activities do not. The role of related activities is particularly evident in the short run and in regions with high unemployment. Consequently, the prospect of successful diversification is enhanced in regions with related industries.
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| 6. |
- Henning, Martin, 1978, et al.
(författare)
-
Urban-rural population changes and spatial inequalities in Sweden
- 2022
-
Ingår i: Regional Science Policy and Practice. - : Wiley. - 1757-7802. ; 15:4, s. 878-892
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper documents regional population changes in Sweden since 1860 and investigates how these changes link to regional economic development (regional GDP). We combine long-term decade population data for the historical counties (1860-2020) with detailed annual population observations for municipalities (1968-2021). As industrialization picked up speed, this benefited regions all around the country in terms of production, at the same time as regional population patterns started to diverge. After a slowdown in the regional GDP convergence processes during the low-growth period of the 1980s, 'double divergence,' in both population and regional GDP per capita, has characterized Swedish growth patterns since the 1990s.
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| 7. |
- Neffke, F., et al.
(författare)
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Skill relatedness and firm diversification
- 2013
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Ingår i: Strategic Management Journal. - : Wiley. - 0143-2095. ; 34:3, s. 297-316
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Because of the importance of human capital, a firm's choice of diversification targets will depend on whether these targets offer opportunities for leveraging existing human resources. We propose to quantify the similarity of different industries' human capital or skill requirements, that is, the industries' skill relatedness, by using information on cross-industry labor flows. Labor flows among industries can be used to identify skill relatedness, because individuals changing jobs will likely remain in industries that value the skills associated with their previous work. Estimates show that firms are far more likely to diversify into industries that have ties to the firms' core activities in terms of our skill-relatedness measure than into industries without such ties or into industries that are linked by value chain linkages or by classification-based relatedness.
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| 8. |
- Alvstam, Claes G., 1949, et al.
(författare)
-
Strategiskt förnyelsearbete inom svensk industri
- 2019
-
Annan publikation (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- A key challenge for an increasingly international Swedish manufacturing industry is to maintain and strengthen the capacity for renewal, especially in the face of strong and growing transformation pressures. The question is not primarily whether the international groups engaged in manufacturing in Sweden have resources and motivation to invest in renewal in general, but to what extent their renewal efforts will take place and contribute to value creation and employment growth in Sweden, and what factors affect this. In light of this problem, the purpose of the present report is to investigate to what extent the integration of Swedish industrial operations into international and global business structures affects the conditions for strategic renewal work in Sweden, and how changes in this area affect the opportunities for future value creation in industrial operations in Sweden. By strategic renewal work, in this report we mean activities and processes that, through the replacement or development of the company's resources, properties or way of functioning, have the potential to significantly affect the company's long-term competitive conditions. Examples of strategic renewal work are technical and product-oriented research and development activities of various kinds, organizational change to facilitate renewal (for example, acquisitions and mergers), or when the company is implementing a process to approach new markets. This report focuses mainly on the development of two business groups, namely medium-sized Swedish-owned companies with significant exports and foreign production and whose R&D operations are mainly located in Sweden, and partly medium-sized former Swedish-owned companies acquired by a foreign global group and where operations in Sweden account for a smaller part of the Group's global production and R&D. However, the largest Swedish-owned engineering industry companies, as well as a number of foreign-owned companies with extensive employment in Sweden, have been used as reference objects. We have concentrated on the engineering industry in the broad sense, with the emphasis placed on companies located in the middle of the processing chain, that is to say, neither the basic industry nor its main production in the category of finished consumer products. Instead, the studied companies produce complex industrial products that consist of a number of different components and systems based on different technologies, which are sold through direct contacts with customers (business-to-business). The companies studied are often leaders in their specialized market niches (many even internationally). The selection of the companies surveyed is to a large extent based on the fact that they can be presumed to be subject to significant transformational pressure as a result of rapid technological change and growing market competition. The study is based on extensive secondary data on more than 50 companies, as well as detailed information from 24 company interviews conducted during 2018-2019. The empirical study has included dimensions such as employment in Sweden / Europe / Global, with distribution in business areas; location of existing R&D units in Sweden / Europe / Global; historical growth and growth logic (organic or through acquisition); motives behind possible acquisitions; and generic descriptions of the company's strategic renewal efforts and its change. Our results show the complexity and advanced international division of labour that today's manufacturing industry in Sweden operates under. This situation is the result of a long-term development, where many of the companies over time have come to belong to the best within their market niches. The companies we examined, both Swedish and foreign-owned, are largely internationalized. The survey points to the fact that the renewal activities for the industry in Sweden are more internationalized in nature than traditional literature can lead us to believe. In the same way that Swedish companies often allow renewal activities to remain in their locations of origin when acquiring companies abroad, the same applies when foreign companies acquire companies in Sweden. The dynamics are basically no different. With increasing clarity, a picture emerges that international companies operating in Sweden carry out renewal activities both in Sweden and abroad. The report shows that there are no general differences between Swedish and foreign-owned companies in terms of strategic renewal work and the integration of Swedish industrial operations into international and global business structures so far generally has not adversely affected the conditions for renewal work in Sweden. Rather, it seems that the foreign-owned industrial companies have the opportunity to secure new extensive resources for renewal, in combination with the resources already located in Sweden, while the Swedish companies invest both in Sweden and abroad, where headquarters and more important R&D units remain located in Sweden. However, the interpretation of our results should be made in light of the fact that industrial evolution has selected an internationally competitive and knowledge-intensive manufacturing industry in Sweden. Labour-intensive production has essentially been phased out, and renewal with the help of new process technology and advanced products is a long way off even in the remaining "traditional" industries. Most of the companies in our study, both Swedish and foreign-owned, have also in most cases developed a leading specialization in different niches, and can thus be considered to be among the more successful in their markets. This can then partly explain the relative autonomy in the strategic renewal work that many of the companies testify to, and which is actively supported through long-term and stable ownership interests. The results of our study are relevant to Sweden's innovation and business policy, where we specifically identified four important areas. The first policy conclusion is that an overall national strategy should continue to support operations in Sweden in the more advanced parts of global value chains. The studied companies, both Swedish and foreign-owned, view Sweden favourably as a location for strategic renewal activities, both at present and in the future. Support for strengthening management operations and R&D is particularly important here, but also support for logistics, marketing and sales. This does not mean that industrial production in Sweden will not be of great importance in the future, but it will happen under new conditions. This is largely linked to the second policy conclusion, which concerns the future supply of educated labour, where several of the companies expressed some concern about the long-term availability of digitalisation skills. Considering that advanced human capital is concentrated in Sweden's three metropolitan regions, it becomes a central policy question how the human capital supply for continued strategic renewal work can also take place in peripheral and semi-peripheral locations, where many of the renewal activities today take place among the companies surveyed. The third policy conclusion is that it seems important to stimulate increased co-development of products and processes. Given rapid development of the modern manufacturing industry, where products and production methods are increasingly based on new combinations of technologies, companies' need for external collaboration is growing. However, our study shows that both the Swedish and foreign-owned companies to a small extent developed products and processes together with external partners. Policy initiatives to increase companies' opportunities to find suitable partners in Sweden may be of importance in stimulating such co-development. The fourth, and the last policy conclusion, is related to the fact that companies' strategic renewal work is to a large extent taking place both in Sweden and abroad. Swedish policy should then continue to facilitate the exchange of renewal activities across the country's borders. This applies to both resources for renewal and the results of renewal.
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| 9. |
- Alvstam, Claes G., 1949, et al.
(författare)
-
Strategiskt förnyelsearbete inom svensk industri
- 2020
-
Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- A key challenge for an increasingly international Swedish manufacturing industry is to maintain and strengthen the capacity for renewal, especially in the face of strong and growing transformation pressures. The question is not primarily whether the international groups engaged in manufacturing in Sweden have resources and motivation to invest in renewal in general, but to what extent their renewal efforts will take place and contribute to value creation and employment growth in Sweden, and what factors affect this. In light of this problem, the purpose of the present report is to investigate to what extent the integration of Swedish industrial operations into international and global business structures affects the conditions for strategic renewal work in Sweden, and how changes in this area affect the opportunities for future value creation in industrial operations in Sweden. By strategic renewal work, we refer to activities and processes that, through the replacement or development of the company's resources, properties or way of functioning, have the potential to significantly affect the company's long-term competitive conditions. Examples of strategic renewal work are technical and product-oriented research and development activities of various kinds, organizational change to facilitate renewal (for example, acquisitions and mergers), or when the company is implementing a process to approach new markets. This report focuses mainly on the development of two business groups, namely medium-sized Swedish-owned companies with significant exports and foreign production and whose R&D operations are mainly located in Sweden, and partly medium-sized former Swedish-owned companies acquired by a foreign global group and where operations in Sweden account for a smaller part of the Group's global production and R&D. However, the largest Swedish-owned engineering industry companies, as well as a number of foreign-owned companies with extensive employment in Sweden, have been used as reference objects. We have concentrated on the engineering industry in the broad sense, with the emphasis placed on companies located in the middle of the value chain, that is to say, neither the basic industry nor its main production in the category of finished consumer products. Instead, the studied companies produce complex industrial products that consist of a number of different components and systems based on different technologies, which are sold through direct contacts with customers (business-to-business). The companies studied are often leaders in their specialized market niches (many even globally). The selection of the companies surveyed is to a large extent based on the fact that they can be presumed to be subject to significant transformational pressure as a result of rapid technological change and growing market competition. The study is based on extensive secondary data on more than 50 companies, as well as detailed information from 24 company interviews conducted during 2018-2019. The empirical study has included dimensions such as employment in Sweden / Europe / Global, with distribution in business areas; location of existing R&D units in Sweden / Europe / Global; historical growth and growth logic (organic or through acquisition); motives behind possible acquisitions; and generic descriptions of the company's strategic renewal efforts and its change. Our results reveal the complexity and advanced international division of labour that today's manufacturing industry in Sweden operates under. This situation is the result of a long-term development, where many of the companies over time have come to belong to the top within their market niches. The companies we examined, both Swedish and foreign-owned, are largely internationalized. The survey points to the fact that the renewal activities for the industry in Sweden are more internationalized in nature than traditional literature can lead us to believe. In the same way that Swedish companies often allow renewal activities to remain in their locations of origin when acquiring companies abroad, the same applies when foreign companies acquire companies in Sweden. The dynamics are basically no different. A picture emerges that international companies operating in Sweden carry out renewal activities both in Sweden and abroad. The report shows that there are no real differences between Swedish and foreign-owned companies in terms of strategic renewal work and the integration of Swedish industrial operations into international and global business structures so far generally has not adversely affected the conditions for renewal work in Sweden. Rather, it seems that the foreign-owned industrial companies have the opportunity to secure new extensive resources for renewal, in combination with the resources already located in Sweden, while the Swedish companies invest both in Sweden and abroad, where headquarters and more important R&D units remain located in Sweden. However, the interpretation of our results should be made in light of the fact that industrial evolution has contributed to the creation of an internationally competitive and knowledge-intensive manufacturing industry in Sweden. Labour-intensive production has essentially been phased out, and renewal with the help of new process technology and advanced products is a long way off even in the remaining "traditional" industries. Most of the companies in our study, both Swedish and foreign-owned, have also in most cases developed a leading specialization in different niches, and can thus be considered to be among the more successful in their markets. This fact can partly explain the relative autonomy in the strategic renewal work that many of the companies testify to, and which is actively supported through long-term and stable ownership interests. The results of our study are relevant to Sweden's innovation and business policy, where we specifically identified four important areas. The first policy conclusion is that an overall national strategy should continue to support operations in Sweden in the more advanced parts of global value chains. The studied companies, both Swedish and foreign-owned, view Sweden favourably as a location for strategic renewal activities, both at present and in the future. Support for strengthening management operations and R&D is particularly important here, but also support for logistics, marketing and sales. This does not mean that industrial production in Sweden will not be of great importance in the future, but it will operate under new conditions. This is largely linked to the second policy conclusion, which concerns the future supply of educated labour, where several of the companies expressed some concern about the long-term availability of digitalisation skills. Considering that advanced human capital is concentrated in Sweden's three metropolitan regions, it becomes a central policy question how the human capital supply for continued strategic renewal work can also take place in peripheral and semi-peripheral locations, where many of the renewal activities today take place among the companies surveyed. The third policy conclusion is that it seems important to stimulate increased co-development of products and processes. Given rapid development of the modern manufacturing industry, where products and production methods are increasingly based on new combinations of technologies, companies' need for external collaboration is growing. However, our study shows that both the Swedish and foreign-owned companies to a small extent developed products and processes together with external partners. Policy initiatives to increase companies' opportunities to find suitable partners in Sweden may be of importance in stimulating such co-development. The fourth, and the last policy conclusion, is related to the fact that companies' strategic renewal work is to a large extent taking place both in Sweden and abroad. Swedish policy should then continue to facilitate the exchange of renewal activities across the country's borders. This applies to both resources for renewal and the results of renewal.
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| 10. |
- Enflo, Kerstin, et al.
(författare)
-
Regional convergence and divergence in Sweden, 1860–2010 : Evidence from Swedish historical regional GDP data
- 2018. - 1
-
Ingår i: The Economic Development of Europe's Regions : A Quantitative History since 1900 - A Quantitative History since 1900. - London : Routledge. - 9780415723381 - 9780429449789 ; , s. 291-309
-
Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Since industrialization, Sweden has experienced an amazing growth trajectory. In 1850, Sweden was a quite poor and peripheral country, with GDP levels close to the world’s average. One and a half centuries later, Sweden ranks among the richest countries in the world with GDP levels more than three times the world’s average (Schön 2013). Yet apart from a few case studies and some industry studies, little is known about the geographical evolution of Sweden’s growth process. This chapter will fill in the gap by presenting estimates of Swedish regional GDPs for 24 counties corresponding to NUTS 3 regions from 1860 to 2010. Using this data set, we will present descriptive evidence on processes of regional convergence and divergence and discuss some tentative explanations for these patterns.
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