| 1. |
- Börjesson, Martin, 1980, et al.
(författare)
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Assessment of transport fuel taxation strategies through integration of road transport in an energy system model — the case of Sweden
- 2012
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Ingår i: International Journal of Energy Research. - : Hindawi Limited. - 1099-114X .- 0363-907X. ; 36:5, s. 648-669
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Road transport is responsible for a large and growing share of CO2 emissions in most countries. A number of new fuel-efficient vehicle technologies and renewable transport fuels are possible alternatives to conventional options but their deployment relies strongly on different policy measures. Even though a future higher use of transport biofuels and electric vehicles is likely to increase the interaction between the transportation sector and the stationary energy system (heat, power, etc.), these systems are often analysed separately. In this study, a transport module is developed and integrated into the MARKAL_Nordic energy system model. The transport module describes a range of vehicle technologies and fuel options as well as different paths for conversion of primary energy resources into transport fuels. The integrated model is utilized to analyse the impact of transport fuel tax designs on future cost-effective fuel and technology choices in the Swedish transportation sector, as well as the consequences of these choices on system costs and CO2 emissions. The model, which is driven by cost-minimization, is run to 2050 with various assumptions regarding transport fuel tax levels and tax schemes. The results stress the importance of fuel taxes to accelerate the introduction of fuel-efficient vehicle technologies such as hybrids and plug-in hybrids. Tax exemptions can make biofuels an economically favourable choice for vehicle users. However, due to limitations in biomass supply, a too strong policy-focus on transport biofuels can lead to high system costs in relation to the CO2 abatement achieved. The modelling performed indicates that the effects caused by linkages between the transportation sector and the stationary energy system can be significant and integrated approaches are thus highly relevant.
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| 2. |
- Börjesson, Martin, 1980, et al.
(författare)
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Biomass gasification in cost-optimized district heating systems — A regional modelling analysis
- 2010
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Ingår i: Energy Policy. - : Elsevier BV. - 0301-4215. ; 38:1, s. 168-180
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Biomass integrated gasification combined cycle (BIGCC) plants could, in combined heat and power (CHP) generation, increase the power-to-heat ratio compared to conventional biomass steam turbine plants. Furthermore, biomass gasification could also be used for the efficient production of biofuels for transport. In this study, different applications of biomass gasification in connection to district heating (DH) are analysed and contrasted to conventional technology options. An application of the cost-optimizing energy system model MARKAL with a detailed description of the DH sector in a southwestern region of Sweden was developed within the study and used in the analysis. Policy measures for CO2 reduction and for promotion of “green” electricity are assumed, and required subsidy levels for large-scale production of transport biofuels are calculated. The model also operates with different supplies of biomass: a local supply at a lower cost and an international supply of refined biomass at a slightly higher cost. The study shows that investments in BIGCC CHP are often cost-efficient in cases with low ambitions regarding transport biofuels. However, due to limitations in heat demand and in local, lower cost, supply of biomass, investment in biofuel production means less investment in BIGCC CHP and, thereby, a smaller electricity production.
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| 3. |
- Börjesson, Martin, 1980, et al.
(författare)
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Modelling transport fuel pathways: Achieving cost-effective oil use reduction in passenger cars in Sweden
- 2012
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Ingår i: Technological Forecasting and Social Change. - : Elsevier BV. - 0040-1625. ; 79:5, s. 801-818
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Several technology and fuel options could be used to lower the strong oil dependence of the transportation sector. To formulate policies and to cost-effectively meet oil reduction objectives, assessments and comparisons of the long-term economic performances of different technology trajectories are essential. In this work, the energy and technology costs associated with reducing oil consumption in passenger cars in Sweden are calculated for a number of possible future transport fuel pathways and for different energy prices and climate policies. An optimisation model is applied in a simulatory multiple-run approach for this purpose. The model encompasses the transportation sector, as well as the stationary energy system. In terms of results, a methanol-based pathway gives incremental system costs in the range of − 0.9–3 billion EUR for a complete phase-out of passenger car oil up to 2030. As compared to the methanol pathway, other biomass gasification-based fuel pathways involve additional incremental system costs in the region of 3 billion EUR, whereas ethanol- and electricity-based pathways give additional incremental system costs of 4–5 billion EUR. At lower oil reduction levels, the cost differences between the pathways are smaller and the electricity-based pathway is significantly more cost-competitive.
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| 4. |
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| 5. |
- Das, Anjana, 1959, et al.
(författare)
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Implications of using clean technologies to power selected ASEAN countries
- 2010
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Ingår i: Energy Policy. - : Elsevier BV. - 0301-4215. ; 38:4, s. 1851-1871
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper focuses on energy system development of the three largest ASEAN (Association of South East Asian Nations) countries; Indonesia, Philippines and Vietnam. The energy infrastructures in these counties are in the process of rapid development and, therefore, technology choices are critical. Applying the energy system model MARKAL and scenario analysis, this paper examines and quantifies the role of clean and advanced energy technologies for efficient local resource exploitation and improving energy security and environmental conditions. The main focus is on the power sector and the paper also addresses the potential ASEAN markets for European energy technologies. The paper concludes that there is a large potential market for clean and advanced energy technologies in the studied countries. If adopted, these technologies will bring several benefits like reduction in primary energy requirement, reduced investments requirement in the power sector and other parts of the energy infrastructure, reduced import of primary energy, reduced CO2 emissions and local pollution, reduced energy system costs and marginal cost of electricity supply. Finally, barriers for transfer and diffusion of advanced energy technologies are discussed.
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| 6. |
- Fahlén, Elsa, 1981, et al.
(författare)
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Accounting for external costs in a study of a Swedish district-heating system - An assessment of environmental policies
- 2010
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Ingår i: Energy Policy. - : Elsevier BV. - 0301-4215. ; 38:9, s. 4909-4920
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Sweden has historically had strict emission control by implementation of economic policy instruments with the aim of internalising the external costs of air pollution. This study aims to evaluate how well current Swedish policy instruments reflect the environmental costs associated with heat generation in several district-heating (DH) plants in the DH system of Goteborg. Furthermore, it aims to simulate and evaluate the operation of the DH system based on its social cost-effectiveness which takes into account the DH system's private and external costs (non-internalised environmental costs). The study shows that the economic policy instruments do not fully internalise all external costs whereas for certain technologies, the costs in terms of taxes, emission permits, environmental fees, etc. are higher than the environmental costs caused by the pollutants, given the environmental cost estimates used in the study. The simulation results show that the deviating internalisation of external costs affects the economic ranking of the different plants within the studied DH system. The estimated loss in social-cost effectiveness of the operation of the DH system of Goteborg is noticable but relatively small if compared to the variable heat generation costs for most of the studied DH plants. (C) 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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| 7. |
- Fahlén, Elsa, 1981, et al.
(författare)
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Accounting for external environmental costs in a study of a Swedish district-heating system - an assessment of simplified approaches
- 2012
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Ingår i: Journal of Cleaner Production. - : Elsevier BV. - 0959-6526. ; 27, s. 165-176
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- External cost (XC) accounting of air pollution has been applied in a number of energy system studies in order to find least-cost solutions from a social-cost perspective. In these studies, the economic evaluation covers the XCs apart from the private costs. The greater number of life cycle processes, pollutants and environmental impacts covered, the more accurate the results will be but, obviously, the XC accounting process will be more complex and time-consuming. There is also the risk of increasing uncertainty as complexity increases, and the question is to decide on the appropriate level of comprehensiveness. The purpose of this paper is to evaluate certain simplified XC accounting approaches applied to a study of the district-heating (DH) system of Gothenburg, Sweden. The methodology applied is to vary the inclusion of pollutants and life cycle processes in the XC accounting under different scenarios. The results show that if environmental costs are estimated to be substantial and the net power generated in the DH system is assumed to replace generation in coal-fuelled power plants, limiting the coverage of life cycle processes and pollutants outside the DH system would not be appropriate. Instead, if assuming that power generation based on natural gas were replaced, the application of all simplified approaches studied leads to DH solutions that are congruent with those obtained employing a more comprehensive approach and is, thus, considered to be sufficient. However, results also show that certain simplified approaches are justified regardless of the assumed power generation replacement and given a wide range of environmental cost estimates used in the study, such as limiting the number of covered pollutants to the most relevant ones (CO2, SO2 and NOx). Thus, a less comprehensive XC accounting process may be considered appropriate for finding least social-cost solutions in the Gothenburg DH system, as well as potentially in many other DH systems featuring similar technical and environmental performance.
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| 8. |
- Fahlén, Elsa, 1981, et al.
(författare)
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Assessment of absorption cooling as a district heating system strategy - A case study
- 2012
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Ingår i: Energy Conversion and Management. - : Elsevier. - 0196-8904 .- 1879-2227. ; 60:SI, s. 115-124
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Heat load variations, daily as well as seasonal, are constraining co-generation of high-value energy products as well as excess heat utilisation. Integration of heat-driven absorption cooling (AC) technology in a district heating and cooling (DHC) system raises the district heat (DH) demand during low-demand periods and may thus contribute to a more efficient resource utilisation. In Sweden, AC expansion is a potentially interesting option since the cooling demand is rapidly increasing, albeit from low levels, and DH systems cover most of the areas with potential cooling demand. This study aims to assess the potential for cost and CO2 emission reduction due to expansion of DH-driven AC instead of electricity-driven compression cooling in the DHC system of Goteborg, characterised by a high share of low-cost excess heat sources. The DHC production is simulated on an hourly basis using the least-cost model MARTES. Despite recent advances of compression chillers, the results show potential for cost-effective CO2 emission reduction by AC expansion, which is robust with regards to the different scenarios applied of energy market prices and policies. While the effects on annual DHC system results are minor, the study illustrates that an increased cooling demand may be met by generation associated with low or even negative net CO2 emissions - as long as there is high availability of industrial excess heat in the DHC system, or if e.g. new biomass-based combined heat and power capacity is installed, due to the avoided and replaced marginal power generation.
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| 9. |
- Fahlén, Elsa, 1981, et al.
(författare)
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Assessment of integration of different biomass gasification alternatives in a district-heating system
- 2009
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Ingår i: Energy. - 0360-5442 .- 1873-6785. ; 34, s. 2184-2195
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- With increasingly stringent CO2 emission reduction targets, incentives for efficient use of limited biomass resources increase. Technologies for gasification of biomass may then play a key role given their potential for high electrical efficiency and multiple outputs; not only electricity but also bio transport fuels and district heat. The aim of this study is to assess the economic consequences and the potential for CO2reduction of integration of a biomass gasification plant into a district-heating (DH) system. The study focuses on co-location with an existing natural gas combined cycle heat and power plant in the municipal DH system of Go¨ teborg, Sweden. The analysis is carried out using a systems modeling approach. The so-called MARTES model is used. MARTES is a simulating, DH systems supply model with a detailed time slice division. The economic robustness of different solutions is investigated by using different sets of parameters for electricity price, fuel prices and policy tools. In this study, it is assumed that not only tradable green certificates for electricity but also tradable green certificates for transport fuels exist. The economic results show strong dependence on the technical solutions and scenario assumptions but in most cases a stand-alone SNG-polygeneration plant with district-heat delivery is the cost-optimal solution. Its profitability is strongly dependent on policy tools and the price relation between biomass and fossil fuels. Finally, the results show that operation of the biomass gasification plants reduces the (DH) system’s net emissions of CO2.
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| 10. |
- Fahlén, Elsa, 1981, et al.
(författare)
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Integration of biomass gasification plants in district-heating systems – a systems analysis
- 2007
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Ingår i: Proceedings of ECOS 2007 20th International Conference, Padova, Italy. ; Vol. 1, s. 533-540
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- With higher targets for CO2 reduction, incentives increase for an efficient use of limited biomass resources. Technologies for gasification of biomass may then play a key role given their potential for high electrical efficiency and multiple outputs; not only electricity but also district heat and transport fuels. The aim of this study is to evaluate the economic consequences of integration of a biomass gasification plant in a district-heating system. The study focuses on co-location with an existing natural gas combined cycle heat and power plant in the municipal district-heating system of Göteborg. The analysis is carried out using a systems modelling approach. The so-called MARTES model is used, which is a simulating, district-heating systems supply model with a detailed time slice division. The results show strongly dependence on the technical solution and the scenario assumptions. For some parameter sets of fuel and electricity prices and policy tools, certain technical solutions for integration of biomass gasification technology in district-heating systems are the cost-optimal solutions.
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