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Proceedings from the Ninth International Symposium on Tunnel Safety and Security, Munich, Germany, March 11-13, 2020
- 2020
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Proceedings (redaktörskap) (refereegranskat)abstract
- This report includes the Proceedings of the 9th International Symposium on Tunnel Safety and Security (ISTSS) held in Münich, Germany, 11-13th of March, 2020. The Proceedings include 42 papers given by session speakers and 13 extended abstracts presenting posters exhibited at the Symposium. The papers were presented in 12 different sessions. Among them are Keynote sessions, Tunnel Safety Concepts, Fire Dynamics, Risk Analysis 1&2, Tunnel Safety Design Concepts, Poster Corner, Explosion Hazards, Active Protection 1&2, Emergency Management, Ventilation, Passive Protection and Evacuation. Each day was opened by invited Keynote Speakers (in total six) addressing broad topics of pressing interest. The Keynote Speakers, selected as leaders in their field, consisted of Anne Lehan, German Highway Research Institute, Germany, Marc Tesson, Centre for Tunnel Studies (CETU), France, Trond H. Hansen, Oslo Fire and Rescue Service, Norway, Mia Kumm, RISE, Sweden, Roland Leucker, Research Association for Tunnels and Transportation Facilities (STUVA), Germany and Rune Brandt, HI Haerter, Switzerland. We are grateful that the keynote speakers were able to share their knowledge and expertise with the participants of the symposium.
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| 2. |
- Andersson, Jonas, et al.
(författare)
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External conditions have a significant impact on the air flow in tunnels using transverse ventilation for smoke extraction
- 2012
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Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- In 2008 the City of Stockholm Traffic Administration conducted a series of full scale tests, with heat and smoke generation equivalent to that from a fire in a small car, in one of their urban tunnels with transverse ventilation. The primary goal of the tests was to verify how the ventilation system worked and also to provide an opportunity for the local fire brigade and consultants in this field to see what one could expect in a similar situation. A total of four different tests were carried out at two different locations in the tunnel. Methanol was chosen as fuel and the smoke was produced from smoke machines. The ventilation conditions were set according to a pre-set function to simulate both low and high traffic conditions and the fire ventilation was activated 10 minutes after ignition of the simulated car fire. The result of the tests illustrated a variety of phenomena where the external conditions and the general design of the tunnel had a significant impact on the air flow. These aspects determined the direction of airflow in the tunnel regardless of the pre-set ventilation settings. The ventilation settings for the different traffic cases had a significant impact on the stratification of smoke in the event of a fire.
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| 3. |
- Hogland, William, et al.
(författare)
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Storage of organic materials, solid waste and biofuels - Risks for fires and fire fighting
- 2009
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Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Climate changes together with the increased scarcity of raw material and natural resources place pressure on politicians, industry and society to optimize energy utilization and material recovery. The recycling and sorting of the solid waste and the need for long and short term storage is therefore steadily increasing as is the development of different types of storageand transportation of biofuels. Many of these stores are or will be located close to settlements, town districts and buildings of high monetary value which will increase the potential risk with associated fires and their effect on public health. Methods for the handling and storing organic materials are many, but whether after a short or long time, these all have a propensity to end up with self ignition. Sweden has increased the number of incinerators for solid waste by almost 40 % during the new millennium. Further, numerous upgrades of old incinerators have been carried out and a large volume of storage of waste fuels is needed. This paper presents experience from storage of waste fuels, risks of fire, and issues associated with fire fighting, emissions, and financial impact. Discussions of future trends for the storage of organic material, waste and biofuels as well as the risk of energy and material loss and environmental pollution by smoke and danger for health are included as well as the need for further knowledge and research.
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| 4. |
- Holmstedt, Göran, et al.
(författare)
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Validation of CFD codes
- 2008
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Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Use of CFD (computional fluid dynamics) softwarepackages within fire performance based engineeringand risk assessment is increasing substantially.An important part in the process is thequality assurance. For this reason the SwedishRescue Services Agency (SRV) sponsored aunique research project. Within the project differentcodes for smoke spread and evacuationhave been evaluated. This poster will focus onthe evaluation of four CFD software codes.
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| 5. |
- Ibrahim, Muhammad Asim, et al.
(författare)
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Storage Techniques for Municipal Solid Waste, Frequency of Fires, and Their Related Emissions
- 2010
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Ingår i: Proceedings of Venice 2010 - The Third International Symposium on Energy from Biomass and Waste, Venice, Italy, 8-11 November, 2010. - Venice, Italy : CISA, Environmental Sanitary Engineering Center. ; , s. 1-15
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Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The objective of this study was to gather the missing information regarding storage techniques (i.e., loose compact, hard compact, cylindrical bales, rectangular bales) and self-ignition in storage sites for organic recyclable and solid-waste fuels from a life-cycle perspective. There is a need to compile and analyze information regarding self-ignition events because there is a lack of such studies. Its importance is evident from the fact that millions of euros are lost every year in Sweden because of spontaneous fires. These fires cause loss of valuable material and injuries to people, and they are also associated with intense environmental pollution, in particular in the form of smoke and water pollution. This study is based on a questionnaire survey among the members of the Swedish waste management association (Avfall Sverige), whose members service 95% of the Swedish population. The response to the survey was 60%. A total of 96 major surface fires have been reported in the past 10 years at storage sites. 74% of these 96 fire incidents were due to self-ignition, 11% were due to known causes other than self-ignition and 15% were due to unknown reasons. In reference to the type of storage, 50% of these 96 fire incidents took place at sites that store both household and industrial waste, 20% at sites that store only industrial waste, and 30% at sites that store household, industrial, and agricultural waste. Regarding the most frequent cause of fire at any storage site, 33% of respondents relate the fire incidents with extreme hot weather conditions, 8% of respondents report that fire incidents at their storage site are mostly an aftereffect of rainfall, 13% relate the fire incidents with cold weather in December, and 46% of respondents experienced the fire incidents throughout the whole year. Furthermore, detailed statistics were collected regarding different storage techniques followed for municipal solid waste (MSW) in relation to contents and final destination processing plant. It was found that loose compact storage is the most popular way of storing MSW, followed by cylindrical bales. Based on data covering the last 10 years, the average annual amount of emissions of dioxins is (upper/lower bound) TCDD 0.03/0.12 g, PAH 0.98/3.7 tons, PCB 1.66/6.31 g, Hg 16.51/62.59 g, and VOC 18/68 tons from MSW storage fires in Sweden. Estimated emissions of dioxins from fires in waste storage sites correspond to emissions from the incineration of about 0.017 million tons of waste (Avfall Sverige data for 2008). In total, Sweden incinerated 0.35 million tons per annum during the period studied.
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| 6. |
- Ingason, Haukur, et al.
(författare)
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Effects of longitudinal ventilation on fire growth and maximum heat release rate
- 2010
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Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- An analysis, based on two different series of model scale tests, of the effects of ventilation on maximum heat release rate and fire growth rates is presented. In both model scale test series, wood cribs of different porosity, size and numbers were used. Both ambient free burn tests and tests inside a model-scale tunnel were performed. The tunnels varied from 0.3 m to 0.6 m in width and from 0.2 m to 0.4 m in height. The longitudinal velocity varied between 0.22 m/s and 1.12 m/s. The tests show that for a higher porosity wood crib and higher velocities than 0.45 m/s, an increasing ventilation rate increases the maximum heat release rate in the range of 1.3 to 1.7 times the value measured outside the tunnel under ambient conditions. For the lower porosity wood crib and higher velocities, the corresponding increase in the maximum heat release rates was 1.8 and 2.2, respectively. For the case with a velocity of 0.67 m/s, the linear fire growth rate increased by a factor of 5–10 times compared to the free burn case, depending on the dimensions of the tunnel cross-section.
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| 7. |
- Ingason, Haukur, et al.
(författare)
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Tunnel Fire Dynamics
- 2015
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Bok (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)
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| 8. |
- Kim, Hak Kuen, et al.
(författare)
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Comparison of Road Tunnel Design Guidelines
- 2008
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Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- In the light of the recent catastrophic fires intunnels much effort has been put into the work of preventing fires in tunnelsand limiting the consequences of fires when occurring. This study describes thelevel of fire safety of road tunnels at the tunnel design stage, as given inguidelines, standards, regulations, directives, etc. A number of road tunnelguidelines from different countries and organizations have been compared to eachother. The main focus of the comparison is the application criteria ofguidelines and installation spacing. The comparison provides several interestingdiscussion topics, including similarities or differences between detailed requirementsand the popularity type of each fire safety equipment or facility. The work canbe divided into three parts. First, how tunnels are categorized in thedifferent guidelines is described. Secondly, a description and comparison ofdifferent safety measures and how these relate to different tunnel categoriesis given. In the paper, the requirements for hand held extinguishers and the resistanceto fire for different equipment are given as examples. Finally, the work includessome recommendations for specific improvement to Korean guidelines.
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| 9. |
- Larsson, Ida, et al.
(författare)
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Assessment of the Self-heating Potential of Wood Pellets
- 2012
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Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The use of biomass pellets is increasing. As a consequence, large indoor storage facilities are needed along the transportation chain. The increased production volumes, transportation, handling and storage of pellets result in increased risks. A number of fire incidents due to spontaneous ignition in wood pellets have been reported. Increased efforts concerning safety and quality assurance are, therefore, important. The aim of the present work is to provide methods for estimating risks for self-heating from pellets stored in bulk quantities. The experimental work ranges from small-scale characterizations to medium-scale storage tests and includes several different types of pellets. One aim has been to develop small scale screening methods to assess the propensity for self-heating, thereby trying to define the specific type of “activity” occurring in the pellets as well as characterising it. Isothermal calorimetry (micro calorimeter) has been used as small scale screening test method and the results has then been validated with crossing point tests and in medium scale tests (1 m3). Thirteen samples from different types of pellets have been ranked relative to each other in micro calorimeter tests and two pellet types; one “reactive” and one “less reactive” were also tested for validation in crossing point and medium scale. The results clearly reveal that different activity levels of the pellets can be measured using small scale screening methods.
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| 10. |
- Li, Ying Zhen, et al.
(författare)
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Correlations in different scales of metro carriage fire tests
- 2013
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Ingår i: Brandposten. - Borås : SP Technical Research Institute of Sweden. ; :48, s. 28-29
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- An analysis of four series of metro carriage fire tests in different scales was carried out. These metro carriage fire tests including 1:10 model scale tests, 1:3 model scale tests, 1/3 carriage section carriage tests and full scale tunnel tests. The correlation between different scales of carriage fire tests is carefully investigated. The mechanism of fire development is very similar in different scales of tests involving fully developed. A critical fire spread is identified as the key parameter to a fully developed carriage fire and is related to a minimum heat release rate. After the critical fire spread, the fire travels along the carriage at an approximately constant speed. The maximum heat release rate obtained for a fully developed fire is dependent on the ventilation conditions and also the type and configuration of the fuels, and a simple equation has been proposed to estimate the maximum heat release rate. Good agreement has also been found between different scales of maximum gas temperature, gas concentration and extinction coefficient. The heat fluxes from the flames could be slightly overestimated in model scales.
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