| 1. |
- Olsson, Alexander, 1985-
(författare)
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An evaluation of solar powered irrigation as carbon offset projects
- 2016
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Licentiatavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Carbon offsets have been developed as one tool to incentivise investments by developed nations in climate change mitigation activities in developing countries. The carbon offsets can be used towards the countries’ own mitigation targets but are also meant to benefit developing countries by providing a pathway to clean development.Photovoltaic water pumping (PVWP) technology is a solution to use PV for irrigation, which can be used to restore degraded grasslands and help farmers adapt to climate change. Restoration of degraded grasslands increases the production of grass and will therefore increase the amount of carbon in the soil, a process that may mitigate climate change. However, poor farmers often have limited access to irrigation technology and this thesis assesses how carbon offsets may bring revenues to increase adaption of PVWP technology in remote areas of the Chinese grasslands.PV modules can be used to mitigate climate change in different ways; the most common is to produce electricity to replace fossil fuel power capacity. The novelty of this thesis is that it assesses the alternative mitigation possibilities for the PVWP project proposed here. Further, consideration of water constraints that limit the applicability of the technology and a framework to assess the trade-offs between potential downstream water impacts and environmental co-benefits of the project add to the novelty of this thesis. Policy barriers for the project will also be considered. Used to restore severely degraded grasslands, PVWP projects show high carbon sequestration potential and successfully compete with grid electricity as carbon offset projects. A case is analysed and it shows that the carbon market could play a role in increasing the feasibility of PVWP projects. However, water issues make project implementation very site-specific and some indicators to determine feasibility is proposed to be blue water availability, evaporation recycling ratio and water productivity. Water use must also be looked at with respect to climate, food and energy security, calling for a nexus approach to evaluate the project suitability. In May 2016, grassland management projects are excluded from the Clean Development Mechanism to the Kyoto Protocol, and this limits project implementation to the voluntary markets.
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| 2. |
- Zhang, Chi
(författare)
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Sustainable Business Innovation of Photovoltaic Water Pumping Systems
- 2018
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The development of renewable energy technology provides an effective approach to replace fossil fuels for greenhouse gas (GHG) emission. Technological innovation and transfer are the main driving forces in promoting renewable energy usage, because of the better efficiency and economic payback under an emission reduction target. With three of the mechanisms of emission trading originating from the Kyoto Protocol, the most wildly accepted and important mechanism between developed and developing countries is the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM). The CDM has been implemented contributing the most of the trading carbon credits. In this study, by extracting and building an exclusive database of issued Chinese CDM projects, a modified multivariable logistic regression model for technology transfer’s correlation test with 11 extended indicators was investigated for the first time. Renewable energy projects were analyzed with certified emission reduction (CER) sizes, economic development, and geographic scopes.In addition, technological innovation should also be enhanced with new business developments to demonstrate and scale up technologies for better economic and environmental performances. This doctoral thesis studied photovoltaic water pumping (PVWP) technology as a technological solution for integration with the new business model for development and co-benefits. The integration of PVWP with water saving irrigation techniques and sustainable management of water resources, leads to technical innovations, economic benefits, and climate benefits. Field measurements at a pilot PVWP system in Inner Mongolia were conducted with detailed economic performance analyses. Different scenarios for PVWP systems considering variant market incentives were proposed with internal rate of return (IRR), and discounted payback period analyses to develop a new business model approach for implementing PVWP systems with multi-value propositions. The environmental externalities were successfully addressed by evaluating the CO2 emission reduction credits. The economic assessment of feasible and optimal production processes for implementing PVWP systems in dairy milk production was conducted with self-supplied energy and forage assumptions. In comparison with other financing mechanisms, discrete choice model analyses were employed with interviews and costumer behavior surveys to explore the willingness to purchase through crowd funding mechanisms in financing integrated PVWP systems.The results showed that emission reduction mechanisms, such as CDM, have promoted the renewable energy development in China with the national incentives at an entrance level. Yet, the limited sizes and lower income from CERs of renewable energy projects than other projects, required renewable energy projects to develop more advanced technological innovations and business model innovations. The PVWP systems represent the better technical and economic solutions under a feasible innovated business model in comparison with traditional photovoltaic (PV) systems and current PV business models. The dairy farms with integrated PVWP systems and self-sufficient feeds could improve their investment performance through extra energy saving and CO2 emission reductions. The semi-structured interviews and customer surveys’ results showed that customers can tolerate high prices, and are willing to crowd-fund nutritious and secure cow milk with environmental compensation characters. The results from the PVWP technology integration in China as a specific PV application study can be further applied for the business model of innovation of renewable energy systems in other regions of the world under emission reduction targets leading to economic and environmental benefits.
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| 6. |
- Dahlquist, Erik, 1951-, et al.
(författare)
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Comparison of Gas Quality from Black Liquor and Wood Pellet Gasification Using Modelica Simulation and Pilot Plant Results
- 2017
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Ingår i: 8th International Conference on Applied Energy, ICAE 2016; Beijing; China; 8 October 2016 through 11 October 2016. - Amsterdam : Elsevier. ; 105, s. 992-998, s. 992-998
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- There is a potential to integrate biomass gasification with pulp & paper and CHP plants in order to complement the existing systems with production of chemicals, such as methane, hydrogen, and methanol etc. To perform system analysis of such integration, it is important to gain knowledge of relevant input data on expected synthesis gas composition by gasifying different types of feed stock. In this paper, the synthesis gas quality from wood pellets gasification (WPG) has been compared with black liquor gasification (BLG) through modeling and experimental results at pilot scale. In addition, the study develops regression models like Partial Least Squares (PLS) made from the experimental data. The regression models are then combined with dynamic models developed in Modelica for the investigation of dynamic energy and material balances for integrated plants. The data presented in this study could be used as input to relevant analysis using e.g. ASPEN plus and similar system analysis tools.
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| 7. |
- Dahlquist, Erik, 1951-, et al.
(författare)
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Experimental and numerical investigation of pellet and black liquor gasification for polygeneration plant
- 2017
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Ingår i: Applied Energy. - : Elsevier Ltd. - 0306-2619 .- 1872-9118. ; 204, s. 1055-1064
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- It is vital to perform system analysis on integrated biomass gasification in chemical recovery systems in pulp and paper and heat and power plants for polygeneration applications. The proposed integration complements existing pulp and paper and heat and power production systems with production of chemicals such as methane and hydrogen. The potential to introduce gasification-based combined cycles comprising gas turbines and steam turbines to utilize black liquors and wood pellets also merits investigation. To perform such analysis, it is important to first build knowledge on expected synthesis gas composition by gasifying at smaller scale different types of feed stock. In the present paper, the synthesis gas quality from wood pellets gasification has been compared with black liquor gasification by means of numerical simulation as well as through pilot-scale experimental investigations. The experimental results have been correlated into partial least squares models to predict the composition of the synthesis gas produced under different operating conditions. The gas quality prediction models are combined with physical models using a generic open-source modelling language for investigating the dynamic performance of large-scale integrated polygeneration plants. The analysis is further complemented by considering potential gas separation using modern membrane technology for upgrading the synthesis gas with respect to hydrogen content. The experimental data and statistical models presented in this study form an important literature source for future use by the gasification and polygeneration research community on further integrated system analysis.
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| 8. |
- Dahlquist, Erik, et al.
(författare)
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Modeling of Black Liquor Gasification
- 2016
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Ingår i: Proceedings of 2016 9th EUROSIM Congress on Modelling and Simulation. - : Linköping University Electronic Press. - 9789176853993
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- The energy situation in both process industries andpower plants is changing. It is becoming interesting toperform system analysis on how to integrate gasificationinto chemical recovery systems in the pulp & paperindustry and into the CHP systems in power plantapplications to complement with production ofchemicals aside of heat and power. The potentialchemicals are methane, hydrogen, and methanol. It isalso interesting to estimate the potential to introducecombined cycles with gas turbines and steam turbinesusing both black liquors and other type of biomass likepellets, wood chips etc. To perform such type ofanalysis, it is vital to have relevant input data on whatgas composition we can expect from running differenttypes of feedstock. In this paper, we focus on blackliquors as feedstock for integrated gasification systems.The experimental results are correlated into partial leastsquares models to predict major composition of thesynthesis gas produced under different conditions.These quality prediction models are then combined withphysical models using Modelica for the investigation ofdynamic energy and material balances for completeplants. The data can also be used as input to analysisusing e.g. ASPEN plus and similar system analysistools
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| 9. |
- Dahlquist, Erik, et al.
(författare)
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Modeling of Wood Gasification in an Atmospheric CFB Plant
- 2016
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Ingår i: Proceedings of 2016 9th EUROSIM Congress on Modelling and Simulation. - : Linköping University Electronic Press. - 9789176853993 ; , s. 872-877
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- The energy situation in both process industries andpower plants is changing and it is of interest toinvestigate new polygeneration solutions combiningproduction of chemicals with the production of powerand heat. Examples of such chemicals are methane,hydrogen, and methanol etc. Integration of gasificationinto chemical recovery systems in the pulp and paperproduction systems and into the combined heat andpower (CHP) systems in power plant applications areamong the possible polygeneration systems. It is alsointeresting to look at the potential to introduce combinedcycles with gas turbines and steam turbines as acomplement. To perform such analysis, it is importantto have relevant input data on what gas composition wecan expect from running different type of feed stock. Inthis paper, we focus on the wood pellets. Experimentalresults are correlated into partial least squares models topredict major composition of the synthesis gas producedunder different operating conditions. The qualityprediction models then are combined with physicalmodels using Modelica for investigation of dynamicenergy and material balances for large plants. The datacan also be used as input to analysis using e.g. ASPENplus and similar system analysis tools.
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| 10. |
- Daianova, Lilia, et al.
(författare)
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Evaluation of a regional bioenergy system with local production of biofuel for transportation, integrated with a CHP plant
- 2012
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Ingår i: Applied Energy. - : Elsevier BV. - 0306-2619 .- 1872-9118. ; 92, s. 739-749
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The share of renewable liquid fuels (ethanol, fatty acid methyl ester, biogas, and renewable electricity) in the total transportation fuel in Sweden, has increased by the end of 2009 to such level that e.g. domestic bioethanol production is unable to satisfy current ethanol fuel demand. Regional small-scale ethanol production can assist the region in covering the regional needs in transport fuel supply. Current case study system includes the production of ethanol, biogas, heat and power from locally available cereals straw. A mixed integer programming (MIP) model is developed for cost optimization of regional transport fuel supply (ethanol, biogas and petrol). The model is applied for two cases, one when ethanol production plant is integrated with an existing CHP plant (polygeneration), and one with a standalone ethanol production plant. The optimization results show that for both cases the changes in ethanol production costs have the biggest influence on the costs for supplying regional passenger car fleet with transport fuel. Petrol fuel price and straw production costs have also a significant effect on costs for supplying cars with transport fuel for both standalone ethanol production and integrated production system. By integrating the ethanol production process with a CHP plant, the costs for supplying regional passenger car fleet with transport fuel can be cut by 31%, from 150 to 104 (sic)/MW h fuel, which should be compared with E5 costs of 115 E/MW h (excl VAT).
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