| 1. |
- Lycksam, Henrik, et al.
(författare)
-
High-speed interferometric measurement and visualization of the conversion of a black liquor droplet during laser heating
- 2012
-
Ingår i: Optics and lasers in engineering. - : Elsevier BV. - 0143-8166 .- 1873-0302. ; 50:11, s. 1654-1661
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Black liquor is a mix of organic and inorganic materials that is left after the kraft pulping process. In a modern pulp mill the pulping chemicals and the energy in the black liquor is recovered and used in the pulping cycle by burning the black liquor in a recovery burner. An alternative to the recovery boiler is to gasify the black liquor to produce an energy rich synthesis gas that can be upgraded into synthetic fuels or chemicals. Characterization of black liquor has mostly been done under conditions that are relevant for recovery boilers but the conditions in a gasifier differ significantly from this. In particular the droplets are much smaller and the heating rates are much higher. This paper presents an optical interferometric technique that has the potential to produce data under relevant conditions for gasification. In the paper, results are measured at atmospheric conditions and with relatively low heating rate. However, the method can be applied also for pressurized conditions and at heating rates that are only limited by the frame rate of the digital camera that is used to capture the transient event when the droplets are heated. In the paper the dynamic properties of the gas ejected from and the swelling during conversion of a single droplet are measured
|
|
| 2. |
- Boman, Christoffer, et al.
(författare)
-
Development of innovative small(micro)-scale biomass-based CHP technologies
- 2017
-
Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- To enhance the overall efficiency of the use of biomass in the energy sector in Europe, the large electricity production potential from small-scale biomass heating systems should be utilised. So far, no technologically sound (in terms of efficiency and reliability) and economically affordable micro- and small-scale biomass CHP technologies are, however, available. Therefore, the present ERA-NET project (MiniBioCHP) aimed at the further development and test of new CHP technologies based on small-scale biomass combustion in the electric capacity range between some W and 100 kW. Within the project, an international consortium consisting of 12 partners from 4 countries, including university institutions, institutes and industry (both engineering and manufacturing), collaborated closely to perform high level R&D on three promising micro/small-scale biomass based CHP technologies which are covering a broad range of applications in the residential heating sector. The Austrian engineering company BIOS, coordinated the international project. The project was based on earlier basic research and development work related to these promising new technologies and aimed at the achievement of a technological level which allows a first (commercial) demonstration after the end of the project. The three CHP concepts included in the MiniBioCHP project were;1. Pellet stoves with a thermoelectric generator (TEG)2. Small-scale biomass boilers (10-30 kWth) with a micro-ORC process3. High temperature heat exchanger (HT-HE) for an externally fired gas turbine (EFGT)The Swedish part of the project was focused on the development of the concept of biomass based EFGT with dedicated R&D activities related to the development of the HT-HE system. The Swedish project consisted of the research partners Umeå University (project leader), Luleå University of Technology, Chalmers University of Technology and RISE Research Institutes of Sweden, together with the industrial partners Enertech AB/Osby Parca and Ecergy. The expertise of the Swedish partners regarding ash related problems, grate boiler combustion and modelling, deposit formation and high temperature corrosion, were combined with the know-how of a Polish partner regarding HT-HE design, construction, testing and optimisation.The HT-HE is the most crucial component in EFGT processes significantly influencing the investment costs, availabilities as well as the efficiencies that can be achieved. With a thermal capacity from several hundred kW up to 2-3 MWth) the CHP technology based on a biomass boiler and an EFGT is suitable for district heating systems, or process heat consumers. The electricity produced by the gas turbine (up to some 100 kWel) can be used to cover the own electricity consumption of a company and/or fed into the grid. Even though the concept of biomass based EFGT has been an interesting alternative for small-scale CHP production for some decades, and R&D activities have been undertaken, tackling both economic and technical aspects, only a few pilot-plants have been in operation and no initiative has so far reached the level of commercial implementation. Thus, the concept of EFGT fed with biomass is still considered to be in a rather early development stage and the main technical challenges are related to alkali deposit induced corrosion and thermal stress of the HT-HE material, turbine design/operation and system integration.Within the present project, a HT-HE prototype aimed for an EFGT system was therefore designed, constructed and successfully tested at flue gas temperatures up to 900°C. Thus, appropriate guidelines for a compact design of the HT-HE and recommendations have been worked out to minimize thermal stresses as well as ash related problems regarding ash deposit formation and high temperature corrosion in a biomass boiler system. Furthermore, different concepts for the overall biomass based EFGT system have been worked out and evaluated. The outcome of the project will hopefully be used in the further development work and form the basis for a first testing and demonstration plant within the coming years.
|
|
| 3. |
- Tranvik, AC, et al.
(författare)
-
Bed material deposition in cyclones of wood fuel fired circulating fluidized beds (CFBs)
- 2007
-
Ingår i: Energy & Fuels. - Washington : American Chemical Society (ACS). - 0887-0624 .- 1520-5029. ; 21:1, s. 104-109
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Bed material samples were collected at different times from a full-scale combustion boiler, and bed material deposits were taken from the cyclone and the riser at two different occasions from a wood-fired circulating fluidized bed boiler (104 MWth). The bed materials and the bed material deposits were analyzed with environmental scanning electron microscopy/energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (ESEM/EDXS) to determine the characteristics of the formed bed particle layers and bed material deposits. On the basis of their elemental composition, the corresponding melting behavior was estimated, using data extracted from phase diagrams. The bed material was also fractionated by sieving, and the alkali metal concentration dependence on the particle size was determined. The bed material deposits found in the cyclone and the riser consisted of bed particles embedded in a low-temperature melting (sticky) alkali metal silicate (K and Na) that resemble the composition of the layer found around the cracks in older quartz bed particles. The alkali silicate formation, which is in progress in the vicinity of the formed cracks of older quartz bed particles, significantly transforms a large part of the bed particle and makes it less resistant against fragmentation. The results therefore suggest that elutriated alkali silicate-rich fragments from old quartz bed particles are responsible for bed material depositions in cyclones of wood-fired circulating fluidized beds (CFBs).
|
|
| 4. |
- Arm, Maria, et al.
(författare)
-
Gasbildning i aska
- 2006
-
Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)
|
|
| 5. |
- Backman, Rainer, et al.
(författare)
-
Metalliskt aluminium i förbränningen : Metallic aluminum in combustion
- 2007
-
Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Projektet har visat att det är mycket svårt att få tunn aluminiumfolie, som normalt finns i bl.a. hushållsavfall, att oxidera oberoende av tid, temperatur och förbränningsatmosfärens sammansättning. Vidare har svävhastighetsmätningar visat att tunn plastbelagd aluminiumfolie lätt kan ryckas med rökgaserna vid normala rökgashastigheter (1-5 m/s).
|
|
| 6. |
|
|
| 7. |
|
|
| 8. |
- Bagheri, Marzieh
(författare)
-
Sewage Sludge Treatment Scenarios: Techno-Economic Analyses of Energy and Phosphorus Recovery Focusing on Implementation Challenges
- 2024
-
Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Managing sewage sludge, an inevitable by-product of wastewater treatment processes rich in both contaminants and valuable resources, presents a dual challenge: ensuring pollution prevention by immobilizing or destroying contaminants, and facilitating resource recovery. Balancing these objectives is critical given the growing volumes of sewage sludge and the imperative to both protect the environment and recover valuable resources. The unknown risks of land application of sludge, the currently most common disposal method, make thermal conversion a promising alternative, as it enables energy recovery, the breakdown of potentially harmful organic compounds, and the formation of volume-reduced, sanitized products. Despite the technical feasibility, the commercial development of advanced recovery technologies has been slow. This thesis aims to expand knowledge on different sewage sludge treatment and disposal scenarios under varying conditions; thereby shedding light on implementation challenges, local opportunities, and the financial dynamics critical for phosphorus and energy recovery from the perspectives of wastewater treatment plants, investors, and policymakers. The aim is primarily addressed by performing techno-economic analysis of sewage sludge treatment scenarios, covering the entire sludge treatment process from sludge treatment to end products and disposal (Paper II-V). The techno-economic analysis is supplemented by a review of academic research on sewage sludge management from 1971 to 2019 (Paper I). Results from the analysis of sewage sludge management research (Paper I) show a narrow-focused perspective that often misses the broader, interconnected aspects of sewage sludge management, leading to research that, while detailed, fails to capture the complexity of the field. The investment viability of a new mono-/co-combustion plant for sewage sludge (Paper II) is highly conditional on heat, electricity, and fertilizer prices, and external financial support is often a crucial requirement. Cocombustion of sludge (in low ratios) with K-rich agricultural biomass requirement in and energy demand of a thermal dryer, and by yielding ash that contains phosphorus in a plant-available form. Utilizing existing heat facility (Paper III) and co-combustion to mitigate investment costs and energy demand in sludge management showed the potential to offer a cost-effective alternative to land application. However, the viability of co-combustion hinges on both a high heat market price (Paper II) and the proximity of affordable biomass resources (Paper III). Without these conditions, co-combustion may increase the financial burden of sludge management on wastewater treatment plants and policymakers. Retrofitting a wastewater treatment plant by integrating hydrothermal carbonization in sludge treatment (Paper IV), demonstrated good economic feasibility, primarily due to the avoided disposal costs, while also recovering phosphorus. However, integrating hydrothermal carbonization in a system designed for a thermal dryer may cause a significant reduction in electricity production.Given the high moisture content of sludge and the low market prices for fertilizer, the potential revenue from energy and phosphorus recovery is inadequate to solely drive investment in advanced sewage sludge treatment technologies (Papers II-V). This issue is exacerbated by the fact that most wastewater treatment plants are small in scale. Collaborative sludge management across neighboring wastewater treatment plants (Paper V) increases phosphorus recovery capacity and leverages economies of scale, fostering investment in advanced technology. This strategy presents a significant opportunity to lower the treatment costs and offers a competitive alternative to land application, while encompassing energy and phosphorus recovery into the sludge treatment.In conclusion, resource recovery and pollution prevention in sludge management is a complex task that necessitates simultaneous consideration of technical aspects, product quality, site-specific conditions, and profitability to ensure a comprehensive and viable approach. Leveraging local infrastructure and resources in sewage sludge management is crucial, highlighting the ecessity for strategies to be tailored to the local opportunities and limitations. Such an approach outperforms mono-combustion by eliminating the investment ensures that solutions are not only environmentally sustainable but also economically viable and socially acceptable.
|
|
| 9. |
|
|
| 10. |
- Berg, Magnus, et al.
(författare)
-
Förbränning av utsorterade avfallsfraktioner
- 2005
-
Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Projektet har visat på möjligheter och problem vid förbränning av utsorterade avfallsfraktioner bestående av papper, trä och plast i fluidbädd. Denna typ av bränslen kan antingen samförbrännas eller användas som enda bränsle i en avfallspanna. I båda fallen bör gällande gränsvärden för emissioner till luft kunna klaras men man får däremot räkna med ökade drift- och underhållskostnader, främst beroende på ökade problem med påslag och korrosion. Dessa problem är starkt kopplade till bränslets innehåll av oönskade ämnen såsom klor, alkali och vissa andra metaller. Innehållet av dessa ämnen varierar kraftigt mellan olika bränslefraktioner och därmed blir omfattningen av problemen beroende både av inblandningsgrad och av bränslets ursprung. Projektet har även visat att mängden påslag kan minskas genom tillsats av svaveladditiv samtidigt som den kemiska samansättningen i påslagen förändras på ett sådant sätt att även risken för korrosion bör minska.
|
|
