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- Edström, Kristina, Professor, 1958-, et al.
(författare)
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Development of reporting methodologies - Batteries Europe
- 2021
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Rapport (refereegranskat)abstract
- The launch of the Batteries Europe technology platform on June 25, 2019 established the setting for the creation of a Strategic Research Agenda (SRA) on batteries. The SRA aims at providing a clear framework for European battery research and propose future actions required to continue supporting and promoting both competitiveness and sustainability in the European battery industry through research. In this context, a global knowledge and understanding of the existing battery technologies and performance is an essential requirement. However, the benchmarking and comparison of different battery technologies are greatly hampered by the lack of a common reporting methodology. To address this deficit, the WGs of the Batteries Europe, led by WG 1 “New and Emerging technologies”, have initiated the development of such common reporting methodologies guidelines. This document provides the basis for the development of homogenized performance metrics and a transparent reporting methodology, which are necessary for the reliable benchmarking of various battery chemistries. Furthermore, such performance metrics facilitates the identification of new promising materials and cell technologies whilst highlighting areas for further improvement. For a successful implementation, the suggested reporting methodology needs to be adopted by a majority of scientists and implemented in all EU funded battery-related projects for monitoring the progress beyond the state-of-the-art. In addition, the reporting guidelines could, for example, be recommended as a requirement for publications originating from the EU funding in scientific journals[1]. Editors and Board members of several high-level scientific journals are also members of several WGs within Batteries Europe. They could greatly assist in the implementation of such a recommendation. This would result in setting up the “gold standard” for scientific reports of battery chemistry developments in Europe and would set a trend for a worldwide implementation beyond Europe. Whilst this development will not have an immediate impact, it will set a best practice for results’ reporting and will reduce the occurrence of "overly optimistic" claims often occurring in the field of battery research.
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| 2. |
- Stolen, Reidar, et al.
(författare)
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Solcelleteknologi og brannsikkerhet
- 2018
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Bruken av solcelleteknologi er i stor vekst i Norge. I denne studien er branntekniske utfordringer ved bruk av solcelleteknologi undersøkt, med hensyn på brannstart, brannspredning og brannslokking. Studien danner et kunnskapsgrunnlag for å ivareta brannsikkerheten under montering, drift og under slokkeinnsats, samt for å utforme et enhetlig og tydelig regelverk. Resultatene fra studien viser:Brannstart: Solcelleinstallasjoner inneholder mange koblingspunkt, som kan være potensielle tennkilder, og en liten mengde brennbare materialer. Dermed er det som trengs til stede for å starte en brann. Det er viktig at alle kontaktpunkter i solcelleinstallasjonen er robuste og tåler den påkjenningen de blir utsatt for gjennom sin levetid uten at det oppstår dårlig kontakt som kan føre til brann.Brannspredning: For utenpåmonterte solcellemoduler er det ofte en åpen luftspalte mellom modul og bygning. Dersom det er en brann i denne luftspalten, vil varmen kunne bli akkumulert, noe som kan føre til raskere og større brannspredning enn om bygningsoverflaten ikke hadde vært tildekket. I fullskalaforsøk med solcellemoduler montert på tak spredte brannen seg under hele arealet som var dekket av moduler, men stoppet da den nærmet seg kanten av dette arealet. Dette illustrerer viktigheten av at områder med solceller utenpå en bygning blir seksjonert for å unngå brannspredning. Eventuelt kan det benyttes mindre brennbare materialer på taket under solcellemodulene for å motvirke den økte varmepåkjenningen som solcellemodulene gir. Luftspalten mellom modul og bygning kan potensielt også gi endringer i luftstrømningen langs bygget, som igjen kan påvirke brannspredningen.Brannslokking: Brannvesenet har behov for informasjon om det er solcelleinstallasjon i bygget og hvilke deler av det elektriske anlegget som kan være spenningssatt. Under slokkeinnsats må brannvesenet ta hensyn til berøringsfare, og fare for at det kan oppstå lysbuer og andre feil som kan føre til nye antennelsespunkt. Ferskvann kan brukes som slokkemiddel, dette må spyles fra minimum 1 meters avstand med spredt stråle og minimum 5 meters avstand med samlet stråle. Solcellemoduler kan komplisere brannslokking ved at de danner en fysisk barriere mellom brannvesenet og brannen, samt fordi det må tas hensyn til plassering av spenningssatte komponenter. Når disse punktene er tatt høyde for, bør ikke utenpåmonterte solcelleinstallasjoner være et problem.Videre arbeid: For utenpåmonterte solcelleinstallasjoner, er det lite forskning på vertikal montering (på fasader), og hvordan en eventuell endret branndynamikk kan påvirke brannspredning og slokking. Videre er det i dag økende bruk av bygningsintegrerte solcelleinstallasjoner, noe som gir mange mulige nye utfordringer for brannsikkerheten og for regelverk, ettersom solcellen da er en del av bygningskroppen, samtidig som den er en elektrisk komponent. Tysk statistikk tyder på at brannrisiko for slike installasjoner kan være større enn for utenpåmonterte solcelleinstallasjoner, og dette vil det derfor være viktig å undersøke nærmere.
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| 5. |
- Holm, Andreas, et al.
(författare)
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Annex 65, Long-Term Performance of Super-Insulating-Materials in Building Components and Systems. Report of Subtask II: Scientific Information for Standardization Bodies dealing with Hygro-Thermo-Mechanical Properties and Ageing
- 2020
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This subtask is divided in two actions: Action 2A: Materials Assessment & Ageing Procedures (Experiments & Simulation) Action 2B: Components & Systems Assessment (Experiments & Simulation) As their structures and microstructures are completely different, Super-Insulating Materials (SIMs) cannot be compared directly to traditional insulating materials. Worldwide acceptance of these materials will be improved if the hygro-thermal and mechanical properties of SIM can be clearly articulated and reproduced. In particular, nano-structured materials used to manufacture a SIM are characterized by a high specific area (m²/g) and narrow pores (smaller than 1 μm) which make them very sensitive to gas adsorption and condensation, especially in contact with water molecules. Therefore, methods of characterization must be adapted, or new methods developed to measure the microstructural, hygro-thermal and mechanical properties of these materials and their barrier films. In parallel, modelling methods to describe heat, moisture and air transfer through nano-structured materials and films will have to be developed (adsorption and desorption models, diffusion models, freeze-thawing …). Of course, a few methods will be common to all SIMs, but due to their structural differences some specific modelling methods have to be developed. SIMs can offer considerable advantages (low thickness, low Uvalue) ; however potential drawback effects should be considered in the planning process in order to optimise the development of these extraordinary properties (very low thermal conductivity) and to prevent negative publicity which could be detrimental to this sector of emerging products. This is why ageing tests will be set according to realistic conditions (temperature, moisture, pressure, load …) as set out in SubTask 3A. One objective of artificial ageing is to understand potential degradation processes that could occur. The durability of hydrophobic treatment is one of these processes and will also be subject to discussion and investigation. At the component scale, additional characterizations are needed as panels or rolls are sold by manufacturers. In particular, thermal bridges will be carefully investigated, as the extraordinary thermal performance of SIMs are sensitive to the influence of thermal bridges.
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| 6. |
- Muneer, Faraz
(författare)
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Biocomposites from natural polymers and fibers
- 2015
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Alternative resources to petroleum resources to produce environmentally friendly and sustainable plastics and composites are discussed. Such plant based resources are abundantly available at low prices being side stream products from bioethanol and food industries. The review begins with a short introduction to plant based polymers and their potential use for making plastics. Wheat gluten proteins and starch have shown attractive functional properties which are potentially suitable for making plastics with reduced carbon foot print. The structure and function of wheat gluten and potato starch and their use in different polymer blends to produce composites with improved functional properties are also discussed. The use of natural fibers and their advantage over synthetic fibers for making composites are also examined in this review.
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| 7. |
- Capezza, Antonio José
(författare)
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Novel superabsorbent materials obtained from plant proteins
- 2017
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This work reviews the potential of plant protein-based materials as superabsorbent polymers (SAP). The review also discusses important topics of relevance for the current state of petroleum-based SAP and explains the background of the high water uptake of such materials. As diapers represent one of the most significant example of SAP applications, their industrial assemblying is highlighted. The research in absorbent materials has shown that treated and functionalized proteins may play a role in daily-care applications where super absorbency is required. Consequently, a description of proteins and the interactions that can take place within these natural polymers are reviewed. Protein sidestream candidates from biorefinery processes are listed and a further description of protein extraction mechanisms is given. This review also summarizes the results that have been obtained so far in the area of protein-based SAP materials. Finally, the challenges that protein-based SAPs face, as a possible candidate to replace petroleum-based ones, are discussed.
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| 10. |
- Chantziara, Katerina, 1993-
(författare)
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Very HIgh Cycle Fatigue (VHCF) behavior of high strength alloys : A literature review
- 2023
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Very High Cycle Fatigue (VHCF) response of metallic materials is considered of significance importance, particularly for high- demanding applications. Since it is proved that most of the engineering materials do not exhibit a conventional fatigue limit, but rather display a continuously decreasing stress-life response at longer lifetimes. Consequently, the investigation of the various mechanisms are taking place during VHCF is essential. The primary object of the present effort is to explore and summarize recent developments and current status of the VHCF phenomenon in high strength alloys.The development of the new ultrasonic machines made the fatigue testing beyond 107 life cycles possible in a very shorter time, leading to fatigue fractures at stress levels lower than the traditionally proposed “fatigue limit”. Nowadays, a classification between Low Cycle Fatigue (LCF), High Cycle Fatigue (HCF) and Very High Cycle Fatigue (VHCF) is commonly used. The main reasons for this specific grading are: i) the need for safe design of components and ii) the fact that the failure mechanisms are particular in each of the LCF, HCF and VHCF regimes.Ultrasound machines, also called piezoelectric, are resonance fatigue testing machines reducing the testing time at least 400 times compared to the conventional machines operating at frequencies up to 20 kHz.The crack initiation stage is one of the most investigated subjects when it comes to VHCF. Usually, the fatigue initiates from a defect (inclusion, pore, grain boundary triple points), while up to 99% of fatigue life is consumed in that stage. Different models have been proposed in the literature regarding the evolution of events that contribute to the fatigue crack initiation and growth. Proposed models are such as the ODA, the polygonization, continuous grain refinement with local plasticity, the matrix fragmentation and the NCP numerous cyclic pressing. Several studies have assessed the different models and further enriched the knowledge in the VHCF field.In the present literature review effort, the main VHCF mechanisms of crack initiation and growth as well as the proposed models are presented and analyzed. Moreover, the VHCF response and the recent experimental results referring to the most used engineering alloys, e.g. steels, Ti, Ni, Al and Mg alloys, are described, with a main attention to steels. The different testing parameters and the way they affect the VHCF response are also presented.Finally, the literature review is concluded by presenting the new challenges and directions for future work in the field, especially under the light of the new low-carbon society.
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