| 1. |
- Hoier, Philipp, 1988, et al.
(författare)
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Tool wear by dissolution during machining of alloy 718 and Waspaloy: a comparative study using diffusion couples
- 2020
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Ingår i: International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0268-3768 .- 1433-3015. ; 106:3-4, s. 1431-1440
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The wear of metal cutting tools is known to take place by the combined and simultaneous effects of several wear mechanisms. Knowledge of the relative contribution of the individual wear mechanisms is required to understand and predict the tool wear during cutting different workpiece materials and alloys. It has been shown previously that machining two heat resistant superalloys, alloy 718 and Waspaloy, leads to distinctively different tool wears. Even though the subject has been addressed in various studies, there are still open questions regarding the underlying reasons for the differing tool wear rates. In particular, the relative contributions of diffusion/dissolution when machining the two alloys have not been addressed so far. Therefore, a qualitative comparison of the chemical interaction between the tool material and the two superalloys was made by using diffusion couple tests. The aim was to mimic the high temperatures and intimate contact between workpiece and tool material at the tool rake and flank faces during cutting under controlled and static conditions. The obtained results suggest that it is unlikely that differences in flank wear rate when machining the two superalloys are caused by significantly varying magnitudes of tool atoms dissolving into the respective workpiece. Analysis of the tool/superalloy interfaces in the diffusion couples revealed diffusion-affected zones of similar size for both tested superalloys. Increasing test temperature led to enhanced interdiffusion which suggests an increase in tool wear by diffusion/dissolution for higher cutting temperature. For alloy 718, the higher test temperature also led to depletion of carbon together with formation of tungsten within the tool in close vicinity to the interface with the superalloy.
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| 2. |
- Safara Nosar, Nima, et al.
(författare)
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Characterization of hot deformation behavior in a 13% chromium steel
- 2018
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Ingår i: Materials Science Forum. - 0255-5476 .- 1662-9752. ; 941, s. 458-467
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The behavior of a 13% chromium steel subjected to hot deformation has been studied by performing hot compression tests in the temperature range of 850 to 1200 ⁰C and strain rates from 0.01 to 10 s-1. The uniaxial isothermal compression tests were performed on a Gleeble thermo-mechanical simulator. The best function that fits the peak stress for the material and its relation to the Zener-Hollomon parameter (Z) is illustrated. The average activation energy of this alloy for the entire test domain was reviled to be about 557 [kJ mol-1] from the calculations and the dynamic recrystallization (DRX) kinetic were studied to find the fraction DRX in the course of deformation.
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| 3. |
- Saketi, Sara, et al.
(författare)
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Wear behaviour of two different cemented carbide grades in turning 316 L stainless steel
- 2018
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Ingår i: Materials Science Forum. - : TRANS TECH PUBLICATIONS LTD. - 0255-5476 .- 1662-9752. ; 941, s. 2367-2372, s. 2367-2372
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Cemented carbides are the most common cutting tools for machining various grades of steels. In this study, wear behavior of two different cemented carbide grades with roughly the same fraction of binder phase and carbide phase but different grain size, in turning austenitic stainless steel is investigated. Wear tests were carried out against 316L stainless steel at 180 and 250 m/mincutting speeds. The worn surface of cutting tool is characterized using high resolution scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), Auger electron spectroscopy (AES) and 3D optical profiler.The wear of cemented carbide in turning stainless steel is controlled by both chemical and mechanical wear. Plastic deformation, grain fracture and chemical wear is observed on flank and rake face of the cutting insert. In the case of fine-grained, the WC grains has higher surface contact with the adhered material which promotes higher chemical reaction and degradation of WC grains, so chemical wear resistance of the composites is larger when WC grains are larger. The hardness of cemented carbide increase linearly by decreasing grain size, therefore mechanical wear resistance of the composites is larger when WC grains are smaller.
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| 4. |
- Vattur Sundaram, Maheswaran, 1987, et al.
(författare)
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Enhanced Densification of PM Steels by Liquid Phase Sintering with Boron-Containing Master Alloy
- 2018
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Ingår i: Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A: Physical Metallurgy and Materials Science. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1073-5623 .- 1543-1940. ; 49:1, s. 255-263
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Reaching high density in PM steels is important for high-performance applications. In this study, liquid phase sintering of PM steels by adding gas-atomized Ni-Mn-B master alloy was investigated for enhancing the density levels of Fe- and Mo- prealloyed steel powder compacts. The results indicated that liquid formation occurs in two stages, beginning with the master alloy melting (LP-1) below and eutectic phase formation (LP-2) above 1373 K (1100 °C). Mo and C addition revealed a significant influence on the LP-2 temperatures and hence on the final densification behavior and mechanical properties. Microstructural embrittlement occurs with the formation of continuous boride networks along the grain boundaries, and its severity increases with carbon addition, especially for 2.5 wt pct of master alloy content. Sintering behavior, along with liquid generation, microstructural characteristics, and mechanical testing revealed that the reduced master alloy content from 2.5 to 1.5 wt pct (reaching overall boron content from 0.2 to 0.12 wt pct) was necessary for obtaining good ductility with better mechanical properties. Sintering with Ni-Mn-B master alloy enables the sintering activation by liquid phase formation in two stages to attain high density in PM steels suitable for high-performance applications.
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| 5. |
- Fallqvist, Mikael, 1982-, et al.
(författare)
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Mechanical and tribological properties of PVD-coated cemented carbide as evaluated by a new multi-pass scratch testing method
- 2012
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Ingår i: Advances in Tribology. - : Hindawi Limited. - 1687-5915 .- 1687-5923. ; 2012, s. 305209-
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- A new test method based on multi-pass scratch testing has been developed for evaluating the mechanical and tribological properties of thin, hard coatings. The proposed test method uses a pin-on-disc tribometer and during testing a Rockwell C diamond stylus is used as the “pin” and loaded against the rotating coated sample. The influence of normal load on the number of cycles to coating damage is investigated and the resulting coating damage mechanisms are evaluated by post-test scanning electron microscopy. The present study presents the test method by evaluating the performance of Ti0.86Si0.14N, Ti0.34Al0.66N and (Al0.7Cr0.3)2O3 coatings deposited by cathodic arc evaporation on cemented carbide inserts. The results show that the test method is quick, simple and reproducible and can preferably be used to obtain relevant data concerning the fatigue, wear, chipping and spalling characteristics of different coating-substrate composites. Also, the small size of the test region (the radius of the circular scratch track can be as small as 0.5 mm) makes it possible to perform tests within small restricted areas. Consequently, the test method can be used as a virtually non-destructive test and e.g. be used to evaluate the fatigue and wear resistance as well as the cohesive and adhesive interfacial strength of coated cemented carbide inserts prior to cutting tests.
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| 6. |
- Fallqvist, Mikael, 1982-, et al.
(författare)
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The influence of surface defects on the mechanical and tribological properties of VN-based arc-evaporated coatings
- 2013
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Ingår i: Wear. - : Elsevier BV. - 0043-1648 .- 1873-2577. ; 297:1-2, s. 1111-1119
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The influence of surface defects, i.e. droplets and craters, on the mechanical and tribological properties of arc-evaporated VxN coatings deposited on cemented carbide has been investigated in a scratching contact using a diamond stylus and a sliding contact using a stainless steel pin. Post-test characterisation using 3D optical surface profilometry and scanning electron microscopy was performed in order to investigate the mechanical and tribological response of the coatings. The results show that scratch induced coating cracking mainly is restricted to larger droplets showing a low interfacial bonding to the adjacent coating matrix. The influence of coating defects on the cohesive strength, i.e. the tendency to chipping of small coating fragments, was found to be relatively small. In contrast, the presence of defects may have a significant impact on the interfacial adhesive strength, increasing the tendency to spalling. In sliding contact, surface defects such as droplets and craters have a strong impact on the tribological behaviour of the coatings causing abrasive wear of the less hard counter material surface and material transfer to the coating, both mechanisms affecting the friction characteristics of sliding contact tribo system.
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| 7. |
- Heinrichs, Jannica, et al.
(författare)
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Influence of binder metal on wear initiation of cemented carbides in sliding contact with granite
- 2021
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Ingår i: Wear. - : Elsevier. - 0043-1648 .- 1873-2577. ; 470-471
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Drill bits equipped with WC-Co cemented carbide buttons offer great performance in many rock drilling applications. Generally, the wear of these buttons against the rock is gradual and moderate, or even slow depending on the rock conditions. However, the Co binder has recently been found to cause health issues and an alternative binder, which does not compromise the performance of the cemented carbide, is needed. In the present work, the performance of WC-Fe and WC-Ni is investigated and compared to the common WC-Co in a sliding test against granite.The results show immediate scrape-off of granite against protruding WC grain edges. Some WC grains crack and fragments are subsequently removed, adding up to loss of entire WC grains. A nanoscale pattern gradually evolves on other WC grains, implying also nanoscale wear. Both WC-Fe and WC-Ni show significantly faster wear initiation and early propagation compared to WC-Co, although the wear characteristics are similar.
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| 8. |
- Mahade, Satyapal, 1987-, et al.
(författare)
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Novel wear resistant carbide-laden coatings deposited by powder-suspension hybrid plasma spray : Characterization and testing
- 2020
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Ingår i: Surface & Coatings Technology. - : Elsevier BV. - 0257-8972 .- 1879-3347. ; 399
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Thermal spraying with a hybrid powder-suspension feedstock presents a novel approach to conveniently realize coatings with unusual chemistries and unique microstructures. In this study, coatings were deposited by simultaneous spraying of T-400 (Tribaloy-400) powder and Cr3C2 suspension with varying relative feed rates. For comparison, pure T-400 coating was also deposited using powder feedstock via atmospheric plasma spray (APS) route to assess the role of incorporating a hard, finely distributed carbide phase in the coating. SEM (Scanning electron microscopy)/EDS (Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy) investigation of the hybrid coatings revealed a lamellar microstructure with distributed fine carbides. XRD (X-ray diffraction) analysis of the feedstock and hybrid coatings showed the presence of original feedstock constituents, along with some oxides of chromium, in the deposited coating. Hardness measurements on the as-sprayed coatings indicated higher hardness in hybrid coatings than in the pure T-400 coating. The deposited coatings were subjected to scratch testing on polished surfaces as well as on polished cross sections. The scratching response of the coatings was examined by SEM analysis. Results demonstrated that the hybrid coatings possess excellent scratch resistance, superior compared to the pure T-400 coating, which is promising for extending the durability of engineering components operating under severe wear conditions. This was confirmed by abrasion test results which established the superior wear resistance of hybrid coatings. The above hybrid approach is easily extendable to other material systems and can have important implications in the realization of next-generation wear resistant coatings. © 2020 Elsevier B.V.
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| 9. |
- Safara Nosar, Nima, 1982-, et al.
(författare)
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Influence of tool steel surface topography on adhesion and material transfer in stainless steel/tool steel sliding contact
- 2013
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Ingår i: Wear. - : Elsevier BV. - 0043-1648 .- 1873-2577. ; 303, s. 30-39
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Transfer of work material to the tool surface is a common problem in many metal forming and metal working operations, especially in the case of work materials with a high adhesion tendency e.g. stainless steel, aluminum and titanium. In many operations, material transfer occurs already during the initial contact and with time it may result in degradation and roughening of the tool surface which will affect the surface quality of the formed or machined work material surface, e.g. problems related to galling in sheet metal forming. In the present study, the mechanisms behind the initial stages of material transfer between stainless steel and tool steel have been investigated under well controlled laboratory conditions and analyzed using optical surface profilometry and scanning electron microscopy.The results show that, independent of tool surface topography, transfer of stainless steel occurs already after a very short sliding distance. Depending on the tool steel surface topography, initial transfer occurs on two different scales. For a fine polished tool steel surface, fine scale transfer occurs in connection to protruding hard phase particles (carbides and carbonitrides) while for a ground rough surface large scale transfer occurs in connection to grinding scratches, where these act to mechanically scrape off material resulting in lumps off stainless steel on the tool steel surface. Also, sliding perpendicular to the grinding scratches results in more severe material transfer as compared with sliding parallel to the grinding scratches. Finally, the present paper illuminates the usefulness of combining optical surface profilometry and scanning electron microscopy as a powerful analytical tool when it comes to understanding the mechanisms controlling material transfer in a sliding contact on a μm-scale level.
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| 10. |
- Saketi, Sara, et al.
(författare)
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On the diffusion wear of cemented carbide in the turning of 316L austenitic stainless steel
- 2019
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Ingår i: Wear. - : Elsevier BV. - 0043-1648 .- 1873-2577. ; 430-431, s. 202-213
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The present study focuses on the wear and wear mechanisms of three different cemented carbide grades during orthogonal turning of 316L austenitic stainless steel at different cutting speeds. The influence of WC grain size and cutting speed on the resulting crater and flank wear was evaluated by optical surface profilometry and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The mechanisms behind the crater and flank wear were characterized on the sub-micrometer scale using high resolution SEM, energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), Auger electron spectroscopy (AES) and time of flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF-SIMS) of the worn cutting inserts and the produced chips.The results show that the wear rate of cemented carbide drastically increases with increasing cutting speed and that the wear is dependent on the WC grain size; i.e. the crater wear decreases with increasing WC grain size while the flank wear increases with increasing WC grain size. High resolution SEM, AES and ToF-SIMS analysis of the worn cemented carbide within the crater and flank wear regions reveal that the degradation of cemented carbide at higher cutting speeds is mainly controlled by diffusion wear of the WC-phase. This is confirmed by ToF-SIMS analysis of the back-side of stainless steel chips which reveals the presence of a 10 nm thin W-containing oxide film. The results are discussed and interpreted in the light of the conditions prevailing at the tool-chip interface.
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