| 1. |
- Alevanau, Aliaksandr, 1965-
(författare)
-
Study of pyrolysis and gasification of biomass from the self-organization perspective
- 2015
-
Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This thesis focuses on the analysis of kinetics of i) low-temperature pyrolysis of gaseous hydrocarbons, ii) high-temperature steam gasification of char of wood pellets (>700oC), iii) high temperature pyrolysis of straw pellets in an atmosphere of argon and steam, and iv) high temperature pyrolysis of slices of transversally cut wooden sticks. The results of the kinetic measurements in the high-temperature cases are approximated using a least-square based optimization software, which was specially developed to analyse kinetics prone for deviation from the Arrhenius law.In the thesis a general analysis of the researched materials and kinetics of their pyrolysis and gasification is presented from the self-organization perspective. The energy transfer phenomena in both the pyrolysis and gasification processes of biomass are discussed with an emphasis on an analysis of basic phenomena involving the self-organized dynamics on fractal structures in the chosen biomass samples.
|
|
| 2. |
- Arzpeyma, Niloofar, et al.
(författare)
-
Mathematical Modeling of Postcombustion in an Electric Arc Furnace (EAF)
- 2019
-
Ingår i: Metals. - : MDPI. - 2075-4701. ; 9:5
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Numerical modeling was used to study the capability of postcombustion in an electric arc furnace (EAF) equipped with virtual lance burners. The CO flow rate at the molten bath surface was estimated using the off-gas data obtained close to the outlet of an EAF. Then, the effect of the secondary oxygen flow rate on postcombustion was studied. The results show a CO flow rate of 0.6 kgs(-1) and 0.8 kgs(-1) for operation modes of burner and burner + lancing. Increase of the secondary oxygen flow rates of 60% and 70% result in 17% and 7% increase in the postcombustion ratio (PCR) for the burner and burner lancing modes, respectively.
|
|
| 3. |
- Arzpeyma, Niloofar, et al.
(författare)
-
Mathematical Modeling of Scrap Melting in an EAF Using Electromagnetic Stirring
- 2013
-
Ingår i: ISIJ International. - : Iron and Steel Institute of Japan. - 0915-1559 .- 1347-5460. ; 53:1, s. 48-55
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Numerical modeling has been used to investigate the influence of electromagnetic stirring on melting of a single piece of scrap in an eccentric bottom tapping (EBT) electric arc furnace (EAF). The heat transfer and fluid flow in the melt for both conditions with and without electromagnetic stirring were studied. The buoyancy and electromagnetic forces were considered as the source terms for momentum transfer in the studied conditions. The enthalpy-porosity technique was applied to track the phase change of a scrap piece defined in the EBT region of the furnace. Different scrap sizes, preheating temperatures, stirring directions and force magnitudes were considered, and the heat transfer coefficient was estimated from the heat transfer rate at the melt-scrap interface. The results showed that electromagnetic stirring led to a reduced melting time and an increased heat transfer coefficient by a factor of four. The results for Nusselt number versus Grashof number for natural convection and Reynolds number for electromagnetic stirring were compared with those obtained through correlations from previous studies.
|
|
| 4. |
- Arzpeyma, Niloofar, et al.
(författare)
-
Modeling of post combustion inside the off-gas duct system of the Ovako electric arc furnace
- 2014
-
Ingår i: CDF 2014.
-
Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- In order to study the post combustion (PC) inside the duct system of an electric arc furnace (EAF), a three-dimensional computational fluid-dynamics (CFD) model was developed. The reactions between the off gas species (oxygen and hydrogen) and oxygen which leaked into the duct, through the air gap, was considered. The off-gas composition, the off –gas velocity and the outlet pressure were considered as parameters affecting the PC. The results showed that there was a considerable amount of the uncombusted CO to be captured. The highest CO concentration was found at the central part of the duct. The results also showed that a higher off-gas mass flow rate and a higher power of the outlet fan led to a higher combustion of CO and H2. An off-gas analysis probe was then installed after the air gap, where the tip of the probe was placed according to the predicted high CO concentration area found in the simulations. Thereafter, the measured off-gas composition was used to predict the off-gas composition at the outlet of the EAF.
|
|
| 5. |
- Bai, Haitong, 1986-
(författare)
-
A Study of the Swirling Flow Pattern when Using TurboSwirl in the Casting Process
- 2016
-
Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The use of a swirling flow can provide a more uniform velocity distribution and a calmer filling condition according to previous studies of both ingot and continuous casting processes of steel. However, the existing swirling flow generation methods developed in last decades all have some limitations. Recently, a new swirling flow generator, the TurboSwirl device, was proposed. In this work, the convergent nozzle was studied with different angles. The maximum wall shear stress can be reduced by changing the convergent angle between 40º and 60º to obtain a higher swirl intensity. Also, a lower maximum axial velocity can be obtained with a smaller convergent angle. Furthermore, the maximum axial velocity and wall shear stress can also be affected by moving the location of the vertical runner. A water model experiment was carried out to verify the simulation results of the effect of the convergent angle on the swirling flow pattern. The shape of the air-core vortex in the water model experiment could only be accurately simulated by using the Reynolds Stress Model (RSM). The simulation results were also validated by the measured radial velocity in the vertical runner by the ultrasonic velocity profiler (UVP). The TurboSwirl was reversed and connected to a traditional SEN to generate the swirling flow. The periodic characteristic of the swirling flow and asymmetry flow pattern were observed in both the simulated and measured results. The detached eddy simulation (DES) turbulence model was used to catch the time-dependent flow pattern and the predicted results agree well with measured axial and tangential velocities. This new design of the SEN with the reverse TurboSwirl could provide an almost equivalent strength of the swirling flow generated by an electromagnetic swirling flow generator. It can also reduce the downward axial velocities in the center of the SEN outlet and obtain a calmer meniscus and internal flow in the mold.
|
|
| 6. |
- Bai, Haitong, et al.
(författare)
-
An Experimental and Numerical Study of Swirling Flow Generated by TurboSwirl in an Uphill Teeming Ingot Casting Process
- 2016
-
Ingår i: ISIJ International. - : Iron and Steel Institute of Japan. - 0915-1559 .- 1347-5460. ; 56:8, s. 1404-1412
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- A swirling flow has been demonstrated to be beneficial for making the flow pattern even and to reduce turbulence during filling in ingot casting. A new swirling flow generation device, TurboSwirl, was applied to improve the flow pattern of the liquid steel as it flows into the mold so that a more stable flow could be obtained. A water model was built including the TurboSwirl with different flaring angles of the divergent nozzle, according to a former numerical study indicating that a much more beneficial flow pattern could be obtained by reducing the flaring angle. To validate the mathematical model, the air-core vortex formed in the water model experiment was used, and the length of the vortex was measured and compared to the numerical predictions. Different turbulence models including the standard k-epsilon, realizable k-epsilon and Reynolds stress model were tested. It was found that only the Reynolds stress model could most accurately simulate the high swirling flow including a vortex. In addition, the radial velocity of the water around the vortex was measured by an ultrasonic velocity profiler (UVP). The experimental results revealed a high turbulence of the swirling flow and strong fluctuations of the vortex. The radial velocity of the water around the upper part of the vortex could be predicted well compared to the experimental results by the UVP measurements.
|
|
| 7. |
- Bai, Haitong, et al.
(författare)
-
Effect of TurboSwirl Structure on an Uphill Teeming Ingot Casting Process
- 2015
-
Ingår i: Metallurgical and materials transactions. B, process metallurgy and materials processing science. - : Springer. - 1073-5615 .- 1543-1916. ; 46:6, s. 2652-2665
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- To produce high-quality ingot cast steel with a better surface quality, it would be beneficial for the uphill teeming process if a much more stable flow pattern could be achieved in the runners. Several techniques have been utilized in the industry to try to obtain a stable flow of liquid steel, such as a swirling flow. Some research has indicated that a swirl blade inserted in the horizontal and vertical runners, or some other additional devices and physics could generate a swirling flow in order to give a lower hump height, avoid mold flux entrapment, and improve the quality of the ingot products, and a new swirling flow generation component, TurboSwirl, was introduced to improve the flow pattern. It has recently been demonstrated that the TurboSwirl method can effectively reduce the risk of mold flux entrapment, lower the maximum wall shear stress, and decrease velocity fluctuations. The TurboSwirl is built at the elbow of the runners as a connection between the horizontal and vertical runners. It is located near the mold and it generates a tangential flow that can be used with a divergent nozzle in order to decrease the axial velocity of the vertical flow into the mold. This stabilizes flow before the fluid enters the mold. However, high wall shear stresses develop at the walls due to the fierce rotation in the TurboSwirl. In order to achieve a calmer flow and to protect the refractory wall, some structural improvements have been made. It was found that by changing the flaring angle of the divergent nozzle, it was possible to lower the axial velocity and wall shear stress. Moreover, when the vertical runner and the divergent nozzle were not placed at the center of the TurboSwirl, quite different flow patterns could be obtained to meet to different requirements. In addition, the swirl numbers of all the cases mentioned above were calculated to ensure that the swirling flow was strong enough to generate a swirling flow of the liquid steel in the TurboSwirl.
|
|
| 8. |
- Bai, Haitong, et al.
(författare)
-
Experimental Validation and Numerical Analysis of the Swirling Flow in a Submerged Entry Nozzle and Mold by using a Reverse TurboSwirl in a Billet Continuous Casting Process
- 2016
-
Ingår i: Steel Research International. - : Wiley. - 1611-3683 .- 1869-344X.
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- As an alternative to some traditional methods to generate a swirling flow in the continuous casting process, the use of a new swirling flow generator, TurboSwirl, was studied. Specifically, a reversed TurboSwirl device was designed as part of a submerged entry nozzle (SEN) for a round billet continuous casting process. Mathematical modelling was used to investigate this new design and a water model experiment was carried out to validate the mathematical model. The predicted velocities by the turbulence models: realizable k-ε model, Reynold stress model (RSM) and detached eddy simulation (DES) were compared to the measured results from an ultrasound velocity profile (UVP) method. The DES model could give the best prediction inside the SEN and had a deviation less than 3.1% compared to the measured results. Moreover, based on the validated mathematical model and the new design of the SEN, the effect of the swirling flow generated by the reverse TurboSwirl on the flow field of the SEN and mold was compared to the design of the electromagnetic swirl flow generator (EMSFG). A very strong swirling flow in the SEN and a stable flow pattern in the mold could be obtained by the reverse TurboSwirl compared to the EMSFG.
|
|
| 9. |
- Bai, Haitong, et al.
(författare)
-
Numerical Study of the Application for the Divergent Reverse TurboSwirl Nozzle in the Billet Continuous Casting Process
-
Annan publikation (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The swirling flow is demanded from the submerged entry nozzle (SEN) to the mold for the continuous casting process. A new design of the SEN is applied by using the reverse TurboSwirl. The TurboSwirl has been proved that it can provide a more stable flow pattern of the liquid steel in the mold. It also can supply a strong enough swirling flow compared to other swirling flow generation methods. Furthermore, a divergent nozzle is added to replace the bottom part of the straight SEN. This new divergent reverse TurboSwirl nozzle (DRTSN) could gain a more beneficial flow pattern in the mold compared to the straight nozzle. The numerical results reveals that a stronger swirling flow can be gained at the SEN outlet with a calmer flow field and active meniscus flow. It is also found that the swirl intensity in the SEN is independent of the casting speed. Lower casting speed is more desired due to a lower maximum wall shear stress. The DRTSN is connected to the tundish by an elbow and a horizontal runner. Longer horizontal runner can supply a more uniform velocity profile and symmetrical flow pattern in the mold.
|
|
| 10. |
- Bölke, Kristofer, et al.
(författare)
-
Importance of the Penetration Depth and Mixing in the IRONARC Process
- 2018
-
Ingår i: ISIJ International. - : Iron and Steel Institute of Japan. - 0915-1559 .- 1347-5460. ; 58:7, s. 1210-1217
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- One of the most important parameters for gas injection into liquid baths is the penetration depth of the gas into the bath. This is due to that it strongly influences the flow structure and hence the stirring and plume behavior in metallurgical processes. The IRONARC process is a new energy efficient process for reduction of iron oxide to produce pig iron. The future goal is to continuously scale up the process to an industrial scale from the current pilot scale. In this process, gas is injected horizontally through a submerged nozzle into a slag bath. Hence, the penetration depth is of great importance since it greatly affect several parameters in this process. Moreover, this information is essential when scaling up the reactor from a pilot scale to an industrial scale. In this work, the penetration depth of gas injection into water in a small scale side blown converter was studied numerically. Two different approaches with different multiphase models were tested, namely the Volume of Fluid (VOF) model and Eulerian multiphase model (EE). The penetration depth could be accurately determined for both numerical models, with a small expected deviation of 13.9% from the physical experiment results. Also, the simulation time was shorter for the Eulerian multiphase model. The penetration depth was then determined for the IRONARC pilot plant process. The results show that the plume is detached from the nozzle wall, which in turn results in a better energy usage of the gas along with a small refractory wear.
|
|
