| 1. |
- Kjärstad, Jan, 1956, et al.
(författare)
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Transforming the energy system in Västra Götaland and Halland – linking short term actions to long term goals
- 2015
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This study analyzes pathways to meet EU, national and regional targets for CO2 emissions, energy efficiency and penetration of renewable energy in the Swedish part of the Kattegat-Skagerrak region (KASK-SE), i.e. more specifically in the counties of Västra Götaland (VGR) and Halland. Special focus is placed on four areas: The potential for energy savings in the building sector, energy savings and fuel shifting in the energy intensive industry, large-scale deployment of renewables in the electricity generation sector and greenhouse gas emission reductions in the transport sector. The energy savings are through the implementation of different energy efficiency measures.
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| 2. |
- Langevin, Jared, et al.
(författare)
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Developing a common approach for classifying building stock energy models
- 2020
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Ingår i: Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews. - : Elsevier BV. - 1879-0690 .- 1364-0321. ; 133
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Buildings contribute 40% of global greenhouse gas emissions; therefore, strategies that can substantially reduce emissions from the building stock are key components of broader efforts to mitigate climate change and achieve sustainable development goals. Models that represent the energy use of the building stock at scale under various scenarios of technology deployment have become essential tools for the development and assessment of such strategies. Within the past decade, the capabilities of building stock energy models have improved considerably, while model transferability and sharing has increased. Given these advancements, a new scheme for classifying building stock energy models is needed to facilitate communication of modeling approaches and the handling of important model dimensions. In this article, we present a new building stock energy model classification framework that leverages international modeling expertise from the participants of the International Energy Agency's Annex 70 on Building Energy Epidemiology. Drawing from existing classification studies, we propose a multi-layer quadrant scheme that classifies modeling techniques by their design (top-down or bottom-up) and degree of transparency (black-box or white-box); hybrid techniques are also addressed. The quadrant scheme is unique from previous classification approaches in its non-hierarchical organization, coverage of and ability to incorporate emerging modeling techniques, and treatment of additional modeling dimensions. The new classification framework will be complemented by a reporting protocol and online registry of existing models as part of ongoing work in Annex 70 to increase the interpretability and utility of building stock energy models for energy policy making.
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| 3. |
- Mata Las Heras, Erika, 1980, et al.
(författare)
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A modelling strategy for energy, carbon, and cost assessments of building stocks.
- 2013
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Ingår i: Energy and Buildings. - : Elsevier BV. - 0378-7788. ; 56, s. 100-108
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper presents the Energy, Carbon and Cost Assessment for Building Stocks (ECCABS) model, whichis a bottom-up model to assess energy-saving measures (ESM) and carbon dioxide (CO2) mitigationstrategies in building stocks. The model is based on a one-zone hourly heat balance that calculates thenet energy demand for a number of buildings representative of the building stock and an additional codefor the input and output data. The model generates results in terms of delivered energy, associated CO2emissions, and the costs of implementing different ESM. The results are extended to the entire buildingstock by means of weighting factors. Empirical and comparative validations of the heat-balance modellingof single buildings are presented. The building stock modelling is validated against the current Swedishresidential stock, for which the results of the modelling are in agreement with the statistical data. Usingthe model to assess a number of ESM reveals that the energy usage of the Swedish residential sector canbe reduced by 55% and the associated CO2 emissions can be reduced by 63%, with most of the ESM beingcost–effective. The applicability of the model to countries other than Sweden is under investigation.
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| 4. |
- Mata Las Heras, Erika, 1980, et al.
(författare)
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Building-Stock Aggregation through Archetype Buildings: France, Germany, Spain and the UK
- 2014
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Ingår i: Building and Environment. - : Elsevier BV. - 0360-1323. ; 81, s. 270-282
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Knowledge regarding the characteristics of national building stocks is fundamental to understanding how the energy performance of the building stock can be improved. To facilitate large diversity and a number of buildings for such analyses, this paper presents a methodology by which national building stocks may be aggregated through archetype buildings. The methodology has been implemented and verified in four EU countries in regions with different climates, namely France, Germany, Spain and the UK. These countries account for about half of the final energy consumption of the EU-28 buildings. The analysis includes the residential and non-residential sectors (residential sector only for Germany). The number of archetypes per country has been defined according to different categories of building type, construction year, climate region and the main fuel source for heating purposes. The accuracy of the description is validated by simulating energy demand using the ECCABS Building Stock Model, and comparing the final energy demand modelled with corresponding statistical data. The total final energy demand calculated for these countries differs from available statistics by between -6% and +2 %, which is considered satisfactory. The proposed description of the building stock is being used as a basis for analyzing the potential for and cost of energy conservation measures.
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| 5. |
- Mata Las Heras, Erika, 1980, et al.
(författare)
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Energy usage and technical potential for energy saving measures in the Swedish residential building stock
- 2013
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Ingår i: Energy Policy. - : Elsevier BV. - 0301-4215. ; 55, s. 404-414
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper provides an analysis of the current energy usage (net energy and final energy by fuels) and associated carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions of the Swedish residential building stock, which includes single-family dwellings and multi-family dwellings. Twelve energy saving measures (ESMs) are assessed using a bottom–up modeling methodology, in which the Swedish residential stock is represented by a sample of 1400 buildings (based on data from the year 2005). Application of the ESMs studied gives a maximum technical reduction potential in energy demand of 53%, corresponding to a 63% reduction in CO2 emissions. Although application of the investigated ESMs would reduce CO2 emissions, the measures that reduce electricity consumption for lighting and appliances (LA) will increase CO2 emissions, since the saved electricity production is less CO2-intensive than the fuel mix used for the increased space heating required to make up for the loss in indirect heating obtained from LA.
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| 6. |
- Mata Las Heras, Erika, 1980, et al.
(författare)
-
Transforming the energy system in Västra Götaland and Halland - the potential for energy savings and CO2 emissions reductions in the building sector
- 2014
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This report belongs to Work Package 2 of the project Sustainable use of energy carriers in the KASK region (http://www.kask-energy.eu/project). The overall target for the project is to study how improving energy efficiency and large scale integration of renewable energy can contribute to economic and environmental sustainable development of the Kattegat-Skagerrak region (KASK). Possible development routes are studied with today's energy situation as starting point, to show how the energy system in the region can be designed towards a more sustainable system in short (2020), medium (2030) and long term (2050). The project is split in four different work packages. Work package 2 includes detailed studies of how to improve energy efficiency in key industries and in the existing building stock, as well as a study of integration of wind/renewable energy into the existing energy net. This technical report focuses on the results for the building sector and, therefore, presents the methodological details in the appendixes, as follows: Chapter 1describes the building stock of KASK with respect to the characteristics that are determinant for the buildings´ energy use and associated CO2 emissions, i.e. number of buildings and dwellings/premises, heated floor areas and fuel use. The method and data sources used are presented in Appendix A, the validation of the description is presented in Appendix B. CO2 emissions data are presented in Appendix C. Chapter 2 presents the different individual ECMs and packages of ECMs investigated in this work. Chapter 3 reports of the obtained technical, techno-economic and market potentials for the Swedish KASK. Detailed results for Västra Götaland and Halland, and for their residential and non-residential subsectors are provided in the Appendix D. Chapter 4 summarizes the main findings and identifies challenges.
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| 7. |
- Ó Broin, Eoin, 1973, et al.
(författare)
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Quantification of the Energy Efficiency Gap in the Swedish Residential Sector
- 2015
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Ingår i: Energy Efficiency. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1570-646X .- 1570-6478. ; 8:5, s. 975-993
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We present a method for quantifying the energy efficiency gap ex-ante. To do this we define the energy efficiency gap as being the difference between the ex-ante market and techno-economic energy savings potentials. The estimation of market potential is based on top-down (econometric) modelling of energy demand using data from the period 1970–2005. The techno-economical estimates are made using a bottom-up building stock model (ECCABS), to assess the effects and cost-efficiency of various energy efficiency measures. Common to these two modelling approaches are two scenarios of energy prices, which differ only with respect to the carbon tax component. We implement the method for the case of useful energy demand for space and water heating in the Swedish residential sector up to 2030.In comparison to the level of energy use in 2005 (74 TWh), the top-down model predicts for 2030 reductions in demand for the two price scenarios of 17 TWh and 21 TWh, respectively. The bottom-up model predicts corresponding reductions in demand of 25 TWh and 31 TWh, respectively. Thus, there is an energy efficiency gap between the two models of at least 8 TWh in 2030. An implicit discount rate of 10% would render the results from the bottom-up modelling identical to those from the top-down modelling. However the presence of the energy efficiency gap indicates that there is a need for enhanced policies in order to make future reductions in energy demand reach the levels predicted by the bottom-up modelling.
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| 8. |
- Österbring, Magnus, 1986, et al.
(författare)
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Stakeholder Specific Multi-Scale Spatial Representation of Urban Building-Stocks
- 2018
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Ingår i: ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information. - : MDPI AG. - 2220-9964. ; 7:5, s. 173-
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Urban building-stocks use a significant amount of resources and energy. At the same time, theyhave a large potential for energy efficiency measures (EEM). To support decision-making and planning, spatial building-stock models are used to examine the current state and future development of urbanbuilding-stocks. While these models normally focus on specific cities, generic and broad stakeholder groups such as planners and policy makers are often targeted. Consequently, the visualization and communication of results are not tailored to these stakeholders. The aim of this paper is to explore the possibilities of mapping and representing energy use of urban building-stocks at different levels of aggregation and spatial distributions, to communicate with specific stakeholders involved in the urban development process. This paper uses a differentiated building-stock description based on building-specific data andmeasured energy use fromenergy performance certificates formulti-family buildings (MFB) in the city of Gothenburg. The building-stock description treats every building as unique, allowing results to be provided at any level of aggregation to suit the needs of the specific stakeholders involved. Calculated energy use of the existing stock is within 10% of the measured energy use. The potential for EEM in the existing stock is negated by the increased energy use due to new construction until 2035, using a development scenario based on current renovation rates and planned developments. Visualizations of the current energy use of the stock as well as the impact of renovation and new construction are provided, targeting specific local stakeholders.
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| 9. |
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| 10. |
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