| 1. |
- Ahlgren, Serina, et al.
(författare)
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Review of methodological choices in LCA of biorefinery systems - key issues and recommendations
- 2015
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Ingår i: Biofuels, Bioproducts and Biorefining. - : Wiley. - 1932-1031 .- 1932-104X. ; 9:5, s. 606-619
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- The current trend in biomass conversion technologies is toward more efficient utilization of biomass feedstock in multiproduct biorefineries. Many life-cycle assessment (LCA) studies of biorefinery systems have been performed but differ in how they use the LCA methodology. Based on a review of existing LCA standards and guidelines, this paper provides recommendations on how to handle key methodological issues when performing LCA studies of biorefinery systems. Six key issues were identified: (i) goal definition, (ii) functional unit, (iii) allocation of biorefinery outputs, (iv) allocation of biomass feedstock, (v) land use, and (vi) biogenic carbon and timing of emissions. Many of the standards and guidelines reviewed here provide only general methodological recommendations. Some make more specific methodological recommendations, but these often differ between standards. In this paper we present some clarifications (e.g. examples of research questions and suitable functional units) and methodological recommendations (e.g. on allocation).
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| 2. |
- Cowie, A. L., et al.
(författare)
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Applying a science-based systems perspective to dispel misconceptions about climate effects of forest bioenergy
- 2021
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Ingår i: Global Change Biology Bioenergy. - : John Wiley and Sons Inc. - 1757-1693 .- 1757-1707. ; 13:8, s. 1210-1231
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The scientific literature contains contrasting findings about the climate effects of forest bioenergy, partly due to the wide diversity of bioenergy systems and associated contexts, but also due to differences in assessment methods. The climate effects of bioenergy must be accurately assessed to inform policy-making, but the complexity of bioenergy systems and associated land, industry and energy systems raises challenges for assessment. We examine misconceptions about climate effects of forest bioenergy and discuss important considerations in assessing these effects and devising measures to incentivize sustainable bioenergy as a component of climate policy. The temporal and spatial system boundary and the reference (counterfactual) scenarios are key methodology choices that strongly influence results. Focussing on carbon balances of individual forest stands and comparing emissions at the point of combustion neglect system-level interactions that influence the climate effects of forest bioenergy. We highlight the need for a systems approach, in assessing options and developing policy for forest bioenergy that: (1) considers the whole life cycle of bioenergy systems, including effects of the associated forest management and harvesting on landscape carbon balances; (2) identifies how forest bioenergy can best be deployed to support energy system transformation required to achieve climate goals; and (3) incentivizes those forest bioenergy systems that augment the mitigation value of the forest sector as a whole. Emphasis on short-term emissions reduction targets can lead to decisions that make medium- to long-term climate goals more difficult to achieve. The most important climate change mitigation measure is the transformation of energy, industry and transport systems so that fossil carbon remains underground. Narrow perspectives obscure the significant role that bioenergy can play by displacing fossil fuels now, and supporting energy system transition. Greater transparency and consistency is needed in greenhouse gas reporting and accounting related to bioenergy.
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| 3. |
- Eriksson, Mattias, et al.
(författare)
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Food waste reduction in supermarkets - Net costs and benefits of reduced storage temperature
- 2016
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Ingår i: Resources, Conservation and Recycling. - : Elsevier BV. - 0921-3449. ; 107, s. 73-81
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Food waste is a major problem and therefore measures are needed to reduce it. Since expired best-before date is a frequently cited cause of food waste in supermarkets, prolonging shelf life could reduce food waste. Longer shelf life could be achieved in different ways, e.g. reduced storage temperature. However, there is limited knowledge regarding the extent to which longer shelf life actually leads to reduced food waste, and whether the benefits of reduced waste exceed the increased energy costs of maintaining reduced storage temperature. Therefore this study calculated the net effect of reducing food waste in supermarkets by reducing the storage temperature through simulating the relationships between food waste reduction, longer shelf life, reduced storage temperature and increased energy costs.A case study was performed using three years of data on cheese, dairy, deli and meat product waste in six Swedish supermarkets, together with published data on microbiological growth at different temperatures and on the energy requirement for cold storage at different temperatures. Food waste was found to be reduced with lower storage temperature for all food products tested. This measure gave increasing net savings in terms of money and greenhouse gas emissions for meat products with decreasing storage temperature. Deli products had net savings close to zero, while for dairy and cheese products there were net losses, since the costs of reducing storage temperature exceeded the potential savings. Therefore, reducing storage temperature has the potential to reduce waste, but at a total net cost. However, a net benefit can be achieved if the measure is only introduced for products with high relative waste, low turnover and high value per unit mass. (C) 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
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| 4. |
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| 5. |
- Tranvik, Lena, et al.
(författare)
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Reglerad mångfald
- 2014
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Ingår i: Älvräddaren. - 0282-1354. ; 2014, s. 17-19
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Tidskriftsartikel (populärvet., debatt m.m.)abstract
- Ingress: Vattendrag med opåverkade flöden och stränder har stora förutsättningar för höga naturvärden. Vattnets dynamik skapar variation i både strandstruktur och bottensubstrat och därmed förutsättningar för variationsrika livsmiljöer.
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| 6. |
- Cossio Grageda, Claudia, 1974, et al.
(författare)
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Wastewater management in small towns - understanding the failure of small treatment plants in Bolivia
- 2018
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Ingår i: Environmental Technology (United Kingdom). - : Informa UK Limited. - 1479-487X .- 0959-3330. ; 39:11, s. 1393-1403
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Wastewater management in developing countries is a challenge, especially in small towns with rapid population growth. This study aims at assessing the performance and management of five treatment plants (TPs) in rural areas of Cochabamba, Bolivia. Pollutants’ concentrations, wastewater flows, hydraulic and organic loads and hydraulic retention times were determined in three small treatment plants (2000–10,000 population equivalent [p.e.]; flow > 432 m3/d) and two very small treatment plants (<2000 p.e.; flow < 432 m3/d). The performance assessment was based on operational parameters, treatment efficiency and effluent quality. Management data were collected through semi-structured interviews with managers of local water associations. The results support that the poor performance of the TPs is due to lack of operational expertise and financial resources for adequate operation and maintenance (O&M). Additionally, effective treatment was affected by the type of technology used and whether the plant design included plans for O&M with available resources. This study contributes to a better understanding of actual operating conditions of wastewater TPs in small towns, thus providing needed information regarding technology selection, design, implementation and operation.
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| 7. |
- Dalahmeh, Sahar, et al.
(författare)
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Potential of biochar filters for onsite sewage treatment: Adsorption and biological degradation of pharmaceuticals in laboratory filters with active, inactive and no biofilm
- 2018
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Ingår i: Science of the Total Environment. - : Elsevier BV. - 0048-9697 .- 1879-1026. ; 612, s. 192-201
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This study investigated the potential of biochar filters as a replacement or complement for sand filters for removal of pharmaceutically active compounds (PhACs) from wastewater in onsite sewage facilities (OSSF). Specifically, the study investigated the effects of biodegradation, adsorption and a combination of these processes on removal of four model PhACs from wastewater in biochar filters operated under hydraulic loading conditions mimicking those found in onsite infiltration beds. Concentrations and removal of the four PhACs (i.e. carbamazepine, metoprolol, ranitidine and caffeine) were investigated over 22 weeks in four treatments: biochar (BC) with active or inactive biofilm (BC-active-biofilm, BC-inactive-biofilm), biochar without biofilm (BC-no-biofilm) and sand with active biofilm (Sand-active-biofilm). The adsorption of carbamazepine was high in BC-no-biofilm (99% removal after 22 weeks), while biodegradation was very low in Sand-active-biofilm (7% removal after 22 weeks). Removal of carbamazepine in BC-active-biofilm was high and stable over the 22 weeks (>98%), showing a significant role of biofilm in filter biogeneration. However, carbamazepine removal declined over time in BC-inactive-biofilm, from 99% in week 13 to 73% in week 22. Metoprolol was poorly degraded in Sand-active-biofilm (37% after 22 weeks), while adsorption seemed to be the major pathway for removal of metoprolol in biochar. Ranitidine and caffeine were efficiently removed by either adsorption (97% and 9S%, respectively, after 22 weeks) or biodegradation (99% and >99%, respectively, after 22 weeks). In conclusion, biochar is a promising filter medium for OSSF, especially for persistent PhACs such as carbamazepine and metoprolol. (C) 2017 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
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| 8. |
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| 9. |
- Eriksson, Mattias, et al.
(författare)
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Mapping of food waste quantification methodologies in the food services of Swedish municipalities
- 2018
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Ingår i: Resources, Conservation and Recycling. - : ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV. - 0921-3449 .- 1879-0658. ; 137, s. 191-199
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Since food waste valorisation measures, like energy recovery, have limited possibilities to fully recover the resources invested in food production, there is a need to prevent food waste. Prevention is most important at the end of the value chain, where most sub-processes have already taken place, like in catering facilities. In Sweden, the public catering sector serves a large number of meals through municipal organisations, including schools, preschools and elderly care homes. Many of these organisations quantify food waste, but since Sweden has 290 municipalities with a high degree of independence, the possible variation is significant. This study therefore investigated how food waste is quantified, in order to help formulate a national standard for food waste quantification. Mapping of food waste quantification practices was conducted using a questionnaire and follow-up telephone calls, achieving a response rate of 93%. Of the 290 Swedish municipalities, 55% replied that they quantify food waste on central level. The most common practice at present is to quantify plate- and serving waste from school lunches during two weeks per year, and to compile waste data in spreadsheets and compare the values against the number of plates used, giving a result in grams per portion served. There are many similarities between municipalities, so there is great potential to implement a common standard that many municipalities already fulfil. This is important in order to gain acceptance and fast implementation, thereby speeding up the process of establishing a benchmark for food waste in the Swedish public sector catering sector.
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| 10. |
- Eriksson, Mattias, et al.
(författare)
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Svinnreducerande åtgärder i butik : effekter på kvantitet, ekonomi och klimatpåverkan
- 2013
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Matsvinn förbrukar naturresurser och orsakar utsläpp i onödan, och dessutom går stora ekonomiska värden förlorade när maten inte når fram till den tänkta slutkonsumenten. För att målet om minskat matavfall med 20% mellan 2010-2020 ska kunna uppnås, behövs sannolikt många olika åtgärder i kedjans alla led. För att kunna prioritera åtgärder behöver dessa först värderas. Detta projekt syftar till att beskriva och uppskatta de ekonomiska och miljömässiga (mätt som klimatpåverkan) effekterna av sex olika svinnreducerande åtgärder, som har genomförts eller skulle kunna genomföras inom butiksledet av livsmedelskedjan. För att få olika åtgärder att bli jämförbara har respektive åtgärd applicerats på en exempelbutik, som i sin tur baserats på ett genomsnitt under 2010-2012 av sex Willysbutiker som ingått i forskningsprojektet Minskat matsvinn i livsmedelsbutiker (www.slu.se/matsvinn). Varje åtgärds potentiella förmåga att reducera svinnet, som totalt sett uppgick till 86 ton per butik och år inklusive reklamationer, har beräknats för att få fram dess effekt. Dessa effekter har jämförts med kostnadsuppskattningar och besparingar vid åtgärdernas införande, för att få fram kostnadseffektiviteten. De åtgärder som utvärderats på detta sätt (och den kvantitet de kan rädda) är: · att införa ett tak för reklamationer av frukt&grönt (35 ton) · att skänka mat till välgörenhet (30 ton) · att öka aktiviteten i datoriserade beställningssystem (6 ton) · att frysa ner och sälja kött på en andrahandsmarknad (1,5 ton) · att införa ett stopp för kampanjer inom frukt&grönt (0,6 ton) · att sälja köttfärs fryst istället för kyld (0,3 ton) När åtgärderna jämförts och rangordnats var reklamationstak och välgörenhet de åtgärder som hade störst förmåga att reducera svinnet värderat efter varornas vikt, medan ökad aktivitet med beställningssystemet och reklamationstak var de som sparade mest växthusgaser. De mest kostnadseffektiva åtgärderna per viktenhet var att sälja nischprodukter av köttfärs frysta istället för kylda liksom att frysa in och sälja svinn av styckat nöt- och griskött på en andrahandsmarknad. De mest kostnadseffektiva åtgärderna per klimatnytta var reklamationstak (sett ur leverantörens ekonomiska perspektiv), följt av ökad aktivitet med ordersystemet. Flera av åtgärderna beräknades generera en vinst för butiken om de infördes, och flera är möjliga att kombinera helt eller delvis. Mängden varor att skänka bort eller sälja vidare minskas dock om övriga trimmande åtgärder genomförs.
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