| 1. |
- Stolen, Reidar, et al.
(författare)
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Solcelleteknologi og brannsikkerhet
- 2018
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Bruken av solcelleteknologi er i stor vekst i Norge. I denne studien er branntekniske utfordringer ved bruk av solcelleteknologi undersøkt, med hensyn på brannstart, brannspredning og brannslokking. Studien danner et kunnskapsgrunnlag for å ivareta brannsikkerheten under montering, drift og under slokkeinnsats, samt for å utforme et enhetlig og tydelig regelverk. Resultatene fra studien viser:Brannstart: Solcelleinstallasjoner inneholder mange koblingspunkt, som kan være potensielle tennkilder, og en liten mengde brennbare materialer. Dermed er det som trengs til stede for å starte en brann. Det er viktig at alle kontaktpunkter i solcelleinstallasjonen er robuste og tåler den påkjenningen de blir utsatt for gjennom sin levetid uten at det oppstår dårlig kontakt som kan føre til brann.Brannspredning: For utenpåmonterte solcellemoduler er det ofte en åpen luftspalte mellom modul og bygning. Dersom det er en brann i denne luftspalten, vil varmen kunne bli akkumulert, noe som kan føre til raskere og større brannspredning enn om bygningsoverflaten ikke hadde vært tildekket. I fullskalaforsøk med solcellemoduler montert på tak spredte brannen seg under hele arealet som var dekket av moduler, men stoppet da den nærmet seg kanten av dette arealet. Dette illustrerer viktigheten av at områder med solceller utenpå en bygning blir seksjonert for å unngå brannspredning. Eventuelt kan det benyttes mindre brennbare materialer på taket under solcellemodulene for å motvirke den økte varmepåkjenningen som solcellemodulene gir. Luftspalten mellom modul og bygning kan potensielt også gi endringer i luftstrømningen langs bygget, som igjen kan påvirke brannspredningen.Brannslokking: Brannvesenet har behov for informasjon om det er solcelleinstallasjon i bygget og hvilke deler av det elektriske anlegget som kan være spenningssatt. Under slokkeinnsats må brannvesenet ta hensyn til berøringsfare, og fare for at det kan oppstå lysbuer og andre feil som kan føre til nye antennelsespunkt. Ferskvann kan brukes som slokkemiddel, dette må spyles fra minimum 1 meters avstand med spredt stråle og minimum 5 meters avstand med samlet stråle. Solcellemoduler kan komplisere brannslokking ved at de danner en fysisk barriere mellom brannvesenet og brannen, samt fordi det må tas hensyn til plassering av spenningssatte komponenter. Når disse punktene er tatt høyde for, bør ikke utenpåmonterte solcelleinstallasjoner være et problem.Videre arbeid: For utenpåmonterte solcelleinstallasjoner, er det lite forskning på vertikal montering (på fasader), og hvordan en eventuell endret branndynamikk kan påvirke brannspredning og slokking. Videre er det i dag økende bruk av bygningsintegrerte solcelleinstallasjoner, noe som gir mange mulige nye utfordringer for brannsikkerheten og for regelverk, ettersom solcellen da er en del av bygningskroppen, samtidig som den er en elektrisk komponent. Tysk statistikk tyder på at brannrisiko for slike installasjoner kan være større enn for utenpåmonterte solcelleinstallasjoner, og dette vil det derfor være viktig å undersøke nærmere.
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| 2. |
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| 3. |
- Brandt, Are Wendelborg, et al.
(författare)
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IG-541 og personsikkerhet – behov for dokumentasjon for byggverk i risikoklasse 4 og 6
- 2019
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The use of the extinguishing gas IG-541 for fire protection of construction works designed for overnight stays has been discussed in Norway in recent times.For buildings where automatic fire extinguishing systems are required according to the Norwegian regulations on technical requirements for construction works (TEK17) § 11-12, the guidance to the regulations states that sprinkler systems as described in NS-EN 12845 and NS-INSTA 900-1 (for residential buildings and parts of buildings intended for residential purposes), are accepted.In Norway, the owner of the building has to "prove" that the requirements of the regulations are fulfilled. It is then necessary that competent actors are providing the needed documentation, and this is mainly done by fire safety engineers.The standards that apply in Norway for application of IG-541 are prNS-EN 15004-1 Fixed fire-fighting systems - Gas-extinguishing systems - Part 1 Design, installation and maintenance (ISO 14520-1: 2015, modified) and NS-EN 15004-10 Fixed fire extinguishing systems - Gas extinguishing systems - Part 10: Physical properties and system design of gas extinguishing systems for IG-541 extinguisher (ISO 14520-15: 2015, modified). Another standard relevant to the assessment of personal safety of IG-541 is ISO 14520-1.It is not explicitly described in any of the current standards that IG-541 can be used in dwellings, but it is also not stated that IG-541 cannot be used in such areas. A process has been carried out within the standardization committees that are responsible for gas-based extinguishing systems, in order to highlight this issue. This has been discussed in the Norwegian mirror committee for CEN TC191, SN K014. The committee concluded in April 2017 that there was a lack of clear guidelines for using IG-541 in construction works designed for overnight stays, and that there was a need to start a separate activity to get these conditions described in the current Norwegian standard. The committee could not find sufficient resources to prepare a satisfactory standard or provide a supplement to an existing standard, but if individual actors would voluntarily conduct the work, one could evaluate possible proposals. Since this, no actors have expressed an interest in taking part in such a working task, and nothing is so far carried out.IG-541 is described as a gas mixture that allows humans to continue breathing and take up oxygen from air with a reduced oxygen content, even at oxygen concentrations lower than the limits stated for other types of inert extinguishing gases. This is due to the addition of CO2 which stimulates the breathing reflex. This effect has not been assessed here, since this is not a part of RISE Fire Research's field of expertise. Quality assurance of the medical information is therefore left to the expertise in this discipline.Since it is not explicitly mentioned in NS-EN 15004-1 that IG-541 can be used dwellings, we have searched for documentation that could indicate if this can be justified. The practice that some of the suppliers of IG-541 systems seem to follow, is to claim that since it has been carried out qualification tests to determine the extinguishing gas concentration that is required to achieve the minimum requirements of EN 15004-1, this gas is eligible to extinguish fires in flammable liquids, fires in electrical installations and Class A fires. The qualification tests have been carried out according to test methods described in NS-EN 15004-1, Annex B and Annex C.For other extinguishing systems that are used as an alternative to sprinkler systems and which must fulfill the requirements in TEK17, extensive documentation work has been carried out. Separate test standards have been developed to document the extinguishing properties of the systems.In order to facilitate and clarify the requirements for documentation of the extinguishing properties of IG-541, there is a need for test standards which can be used to document the extinguishing properties of IG-541 in realistic fire scenarios that can be expected in construction works designed for overnight stays. By conducting a successful test series, a system would be qualified to be considered equivalent to sprinkler systems with regard to the extinguishing properties.ConclusionBased on the current standards that have been reviewed in this report, there is no basis for using IG-541 in construction works designed for overnight stays, without fulfilling the evacuation requirements that apply to gas extinguishing systems in general. For design concentration for IG-541, this means that persons must be evacuated within 5 minutes after activation of the system. IG-541 is not treated differently from other inert gases in the standards.The term "personnel" used in NS-EN 15004-1 also gives a clear indication that the standard is not intended for construction works designed for overnight stays.It is recommended to initiate work to investigate whether it is possible to extend the allowed duration of exposure to IG-541 based on medical conditions.It must also be documented that the requirements for air tight rooms and buildings, at the same time as requirements for pressure relief when triggering gas extinguishing systems, can be fulfilled in the application areas that include permanent residence. If the duration of exposure to the gas can be increased, it may give rise to an increased application time for IG-541 resulting in a slower pressure build-up than required by standards, and thereby reducing the potential for exposing people for a high overpressure.If it is possible to document that longer duration of exposure to a design concentration of IG-541 does not lead to increased health risks, it must also be documented that the extinguishing effect of IG-541 is equivalent to sprinkler systems. This can be done either by developing a new test standard or by changing the already existing standard NS-EN 15004-10.
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| 4. |
- Bojer Godal, Jon
(författare)
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Tre til kleding - Tema: Forskning och utveckling
- 1994
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Ingår i: Kulturmiljövård. - Stockholm : Riksantikvarieämbetet. - 1100-4800. ; :2-3, s. 60-67
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Tidskriftsartikel (populärvet., debatt m.m.)abstract
- Vid Håndverksregistret i Maihaugen i Lillehammer pågår sedan 1987 en systematisk dokumentation av äldre hantverk. Jon Bojer Godal vid Håndverksregistret har i en nyligen utkommen bok Tre till tekking og kleding sammanställt en detaljrik presentation av trä som traditionsbundet byggnadsmaterial för tak och husets yttre beklädnad. Med författarens och förlagets tillstånd återger vi avsnittet "Veggen".
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| 5. |
- Breitholtz, C., et al.
(författare)
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Förslag ger liv i Sundsvall
- 1990
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Ingår i: Bygg- och fastighetsutveckling. - 1101-6922. ; :3, s. 34-35
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Tidskriftsartikel (populärvet., debatt m.m.)
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| 6. |
- Fjærestad, Janne Siren, et al.
(författare)
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Brannsikkerhet ved oppføring og rehabilitering av bygg
- 2023
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Fire safety during construction and rehabilitation of buildings. This study deals with how the covering of buildings during the construction or rehabilitation of buildings affects fire safety and to what extent the regulations take this into account. The main focus has been mapping relevant requirements, recommendations, and performances related to the covering of buildings, mapping available materials, investigating the material’s fire properties, and modelling the spread of smoke within the covering. A mapping of the relevant laws and regulations applied for constructing and rehabilitating buildings has been carried out. The mapping has shown that demands are placed on owners, users, project owners, builders, businesses, employers, planners and contractors through many different laws and regulations. The people involved can have several roles, and similar roles have different names in the various regulations. For buildings in use, fire safety must be ensured for both the users and workers. It also applies that both the owner and the users are responsible for ensuring fire safety. It requires good communication and cooperation between different actors to ensure that fire safety is maintained for all involved, during the construction and rehabilitation of buildings. When covered scaffolding is used, the Regulations concerning the performance of work, use of work equipment and related technical requirements [10] require that the covering satisfy the fire requirements for materials used in escape routes (§17-20). The guideline to the Norwegian Regulations on technical requirements for construction works, TEK10, (Veiledningen til TEK10) §11-9, provides pre-accepted performance levels. For escape routes, class B-s1,d0 (In 1) is specified for walls and ceilings. There is no requirement for fire classification of the walkways in the scaffolding under the applicable laws and regulations. We believe there should be requirements for fire classification of the walkways, in the same way as for the covering, i.e., B-s1,d0 (In 1) for surfaces on walls and ceilings and Dfl-s1 (G) for surfaces on floors. The simulations of the spread of smoke from a fire inside a building during construction or rehabilitation show that the spread of smoke is affected when the scaffolding around the building is covered. Covering around the sides leads to a greater horizontal spread of smoke in the scaffolding than without covering. When the cover also has a roof, the smoke first accumulates underneath the cover's roof before it eventually also fills up with smoke down the floors of the scaffolding. The simulations showed that establishing an open field in the upper part of the cover would ventilate the smoke gases effectively, and the spread of smoke was essentially the same as for a cover without a roof. In addition, the simulation indicated that the air flow through the walkways in the scaffold could be an important factor in reducing the covering's negative effect on the spread of smoke. Of the 64 different products used for covering found in the survey, 35% had full classification according to EN 13501-1 (such as B,s1-d0). About 6% stated that the product was not flame retardant. Of the remainder, it was evenly distributed between those who stated a fire classification according to other test methods, those who did not provide any information on the fire properties and those who stated that the product was flame retardant without further specification. The mapping also indicates that the products from market leaders used by large general contractors provide products with documented fire properties. Conversations with two of Norway’s largest fire and rescue services shed light on several challenges connected to covering scaffolding and construction during firefighting activities. They pointed out that the covering could cause challenges and delays throughout their efforts. The covering gives a reduced visual overview of the spread of smoke and the location of doors and windows. This information is important for planning both extinguishing and smoke diver efforts. In addition, the covering can be an obstacle to the actual extinguishing effort, the use of an extinguishing agent and smoke divers and rescue efforts.
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| 7. |
- Fjellgaard Mikalsen, Ragni, et al.
(författare)
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Effekten av Bjørnis - Studie av effekten av Bjørnis på brannsikkerheten i norske husstander
- 2024
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Annan publikation (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- I denne FRIC studien er den forebyggende effekten av Bjørnis for brannsikkerheten i norske husstander studert. Hovedkonklusjonen er at Bjørnis har ført til en tydelig og dokumenterbar forbedring av brannsikkerheten i norske hjem. Studien er utført som en del av prosjekt 4.3 Brannsikkerhetstiltak for boliger i FRIC, i samarbeid med Stiftelsen Brannbamsen Bjørnis. Det er også et webinar på norsk og engelsk som presenterer studien, opptak av webinaret vil bli publisert her: https://fric.no/publikasjoner.| In this FRIC study, the effect of the fire mascot Bjørnis on the fire safety in Norwegian households is studied. The main conclusion is that Bjørnis has led to a clear and documentable improvement of the fire safety in Norwegian homes. This study is a part of project 4.3 Fire safety measures for dwellings in FRIC, in collaboration with the Bjørnis Foundation. There is also a webinar in Norwegian and English presenting the study, the webinar recording will be published at: https://fric.no/en/publications.
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| 8. |
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| 9. |
- Gamlemshaug, Aleksander, et al.
(författare)
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Analytisk brannteknisk prosjektering av trebygninger i brannklasse 3 : Veileder for brannrådgivere og konstruktører
- 2023
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Increasing the use of timber as load-bearing structures in buildings is an important contribution in the efforts towards a more sustainable building industry. Fire safety requirements for buildings in Norway are given in the Building Regulations from 2017. The authorities have also developed a prescriptive guideline, with pre-accepted solutions that can be chosen to ensure that the building meets the requirements. However, there are no pre-accepted solutions for buildings taller than 3-4 floors. The fire safety for these buildings must be documented through an analytical approach. This can be challenging as the methods usually require documented or verified data as input. Such data are often hard to find, and their applicability to the building must be assessed. Data from other countries or for other types of structures might not be relevant or applicable. This guideline is therefore developed to collect and share knowledge on analytical fire safety engineering of timber structures for buildings where pre-accepted solutions are not given. The guideline aims to increase the fire safety engineers' knowledge and expertise, as well as improve the quality of the analyses. It can also contribute to a more harmonised approach amongst the fire safety engineers. The guideline describes methodologies for analytical fire safety engineering and refers to publications that can be relevant and useful. The methods described are given in the Norwegian standard NS 3901 Krav til risikovurdering av brann i byggverk (Requirements for risk analysis of fire in buildings), and SN-INSTA/TS 950 Fire Safety Engineering - Comparative method to verify fire safety design in buildings. The target group is consultants performing analytical fire safety engineering of buildings with timber structures, in Fire class 3 according to the Norwegian Building Regulations from 2017, including amendments dated earlier than 2023. The guideline is not a handbook with detailed descriptions, but gives recommendations on which methods, tools and data that should be used. References to publications with detailed descriptions are given. Analyses of buildings in the lower Fire classes 1 and 2 with deviations from the pre-accepted solutions can also be performed according to the recommendations given here. Extensive knowledge on the methods and experience in analytical fire safety engineering is a prerequisite for the use of the guideline. The main focus is the load-bearing timber structure, but conditions regarding safe egress and rescue, as well as fire spread, are also discussed. The main chapters describe methodologies for analyses, relevant analytical methods, fire scenarios and calculations of the energy from the fire load.
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| 10. |
- Hagson, Anders, 1950, et al.
(författare)
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Utformning av Høytrafikkerte gater (HTG)
- 2006
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Utformning av Høytrafikkerte gater (HTG)Projektet ingick i (norska) Statens Vegvesens etatsprojekt Transport i by, som startade 2002 och avslutades 2005. Syftet med etatsprojektet var att ta fram verktyg som kan medverka till att öka tillgängligheten, upplevelsen och en bärkraftig utveckling i städer och stadsregioner.Syftet med HTG var att ”bidra till att stille de riktige kraven til utformning av regionala bygater med store mengder motorisert trafik, såkalte høytrafierte gater (HTG)”. En viktig aspekt var att ge inspel till förnyelse av Håndbok 017, som bygger på modernismens syn på differentiering och separering, och som resulterat i (i) att problem koncentrerats till HTG samt (ii) att för staden viktiga huvudgator i traditionell betydelse utformats enligt vägstandard.Projektet identifierade problem på två principiellt olika nivåer. Makronivån: Systemlösningar versus kontextuella lösningar – var uppstår problem och varför? Här identifieras olika problemtyper relativt (i) olika zoner i staden: centrum, inre centrumzon, yttre centrumzon samt ytterstad samt (ii) olika systemnivåer: överordnat väg/gatusystem, länk, sekvens av län, situation. En slutsats: Det är svårt/omöjligt att se HTG som ”korridorer” som skall ha enhetlig utformning och standard p g a (i) mycket varierande sektion, (ii) varierande komplexitet i den omgivande markanvändningen samt (iii) stor variation i hur utformningen fungerar/bör fungera i förhållande till konflikterande brukarintressen. D v s den typ av trafiknätsanalys och trafiknätsuppbyggnad som rekommenderas i håndbok 017 passar inte på HTG.Mikronivån: Konflikter mellan brukarintressen - vilken slags konflikter, mellan vilka brukargrupper? Analysen ledde till att konflikter mellan användning och användare kunde uppsummeras på följande principiella sätt:•Att ta sig igenom – d v s olika trafikantgruppers framkomlighet•Att ta sig till och ifrån – d v s olika brukares tillgänglighet inklusive att korsa gatan•Att vistas på och använda - d v s möjligheter till sociala och ekonomiska aktiviteterSlutsatsen blev (i) att HTG speciellt i de två inre zonerna i sin funktion är huvudgator i klassisk mening – d v s mångfunktionella samt (ii) att på många sträckor och i vissa intensiva punkter är de konflikterande intressena mellan de tre principiella användningarna så stora att ”kampen om tvärsnittet” i huvudsak är en fråga för politisk prioritering.För att politikerna skall kunna ta ställning utvecklades en processorienterad metod, som tar sin utgångspunkt i brukargrupper och att det kommer att finnas vinnare och förlorare oavsett vilken prioritet och utformning som väljs. Metoden bygger på (i) att man tar fram en brukarprofil och en konfliktmatris för olika delsträckor av en HTG för att därefter (ii) jämför konsekvenserna av alternativa prioriteringar för olika användningar och användare.Projektet genomfördes av Chalmers, Stad & Trafik (Anders Hagson), Asplan Viak AS och Dag Tvilde Sivilarkitekter.Rapporten finns tillgänglig på www.transportiby.net
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