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- Löfgren, Simon
(författare)
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Set-Based Design of Frame Bridges - Development and Implementation
- 2020
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The traditional design process of bridges in structural engineering is based on the design approach called Point-Based design. To minimize environmental impact and industrialize the design process, the theory of Set-Based design (SBD) has been recognized as a promising approach. Since frame bridges is one of the most common bridge types in Sweden, the main objective of this thesis is to develop and implement a SBD tool for frame bridges. To be able to evaluate the different design alternatives generated by the design tool, evaluation criteria within buildability and sustainability are identified. Buildability is a concept within building industry that aims to improve productivity and safety within on-site production while also reducing the costs of the construction process. The building industry is one of the major contributors regarding impact on its surrounding. Therefore, there is a huge potential in improving the sustainability within the building industry. Sustainability is divided in Environment, Social and Economy aspects. The design tool allows performing an automated and iterative structural preliminary design of several frame bridge alternatives specified within ranges of design parameters. The design alternatives are analyzed with Finite Element Analysis (FEA) and evaluated according to predefined evaluation criteria. By scripting the design tool in programing language Python, it is possible to control an FEA program, such as Brigade Plus, from the design tool as well as performing a preliminary design of frame bridges. The preliminary design is performed according to requirements in national building codes, Eurocode. Finally, a case study is performed to investigate how a SBD tool can be implemented in an infrastructure project containing several frame bridges. In a large infrastructure project and with a SBD tool it is possible to find one optimum bridge solution that fulfills the need of several bridges in a set of bridges. The contractor can then industrialize parts of the construction of frame bridges, hopefully leading to a more sustainable and cost-effective building of frame bridges.
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| 2. |
- Javed, Saqib, 1978
(författare)
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Development of Modelling and Simulation tools for Geothermal Basements and Deep Foundations in Soft Clays
- 2016
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Pile heat exchangers are fast emerging as a potentially viable alternative to the more prevalent borehole heat exchangers for the provision of space heating and cooling. In the last decade or so, the use of geothermal piles has increased sharply in many countries including Belgium, China, Japan, Switzerland, the Netherlands, United Kingdom, and United States, among others. In Sweden, however, interest in geothermal piles has been surprisingly scant. This is despite the fact that most of the infrastructure and buildings in Sweden are founded on piled foundations. Early estimates suggest that approximately 75 % of heating requirements and 90 % of cooling requirements of a typical Swedish office building could be provided by geothermal piles. Initial studies also indicate quick payback and large carbon savings. On the other hand, as several Swedish cities are founded in areas with very soft soil conditions with high groundwater tables, there are concerns that pile heat exchangers with cyclic thermal loading could trigger excessive creep deformations. Most of the Swedish research on geothermal piles and cyclic thermal loading dates back to 1980s. Today, both analysis and test methods for understanding soft clay behaviour have improved significantly. Hence, there is a need to revisit the topic of cyclic heating and cooling of Swedish soft clays to fully understand the implications of the use of geothermal piles.This project, funded by Swedish Energy Agency, has dealt with the development of mathematical models for thermal modelling of geothermal piles in Swedish soft clay conditions. The new models include a method to determine the thermal impact of the building on the underlying pile heat exchangers, and calculation methods to evaluate the thermal resistance of the pile heat exchangers. An existing borehole model has also been updated for modelling of irregular configurations of geothermal piles. The mathematical models developed in this project can be implemented in any computer code to be incorporated in existing building energy simulation software. The models can also be used to develop controllers and control schemes to maximize the performance of pile heat exchangers. The project has also demonstrated the application of driven steel and precast pile heat exchangers in Swedish soft clays and has established the importance of acquiring in-situ measurements to determine key design parameters. The results from the project have been presented in seven journal and conference proceeding papers, three research reports, and one book chapter.
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| 3. |
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| 4. |
- Eitzenberger, Andreas
(författare)
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Train-induced vibrations in tunnels : a review
- 2008
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Banverket is expecting that the number of railway tunnels in densely populated areas will increase over the next 20 years due to the lack of available space on the ground surface. Together with the increased awareness of the residents the need for good prediction of vibration and noise levels in dwellings along the planned tunnels is evident. Consequently, a study of the propagation of vibrations through rock and soil generated by trains operating in tunnels is required in order to make more reliable prognoses. This report constitutes the first stage within a research project aimed at increasing the understanding about ground-borne noise and ground-borne vibrations generated by trains moving in tunnels constructed in rock. In this report, the propagation of vibration through a rock mass is reviewed. The emphasis has been on wave propagation in hard rock, but soil has also been included. Areas, such as the generation of vibration at the train-rail interaction, the response of buildings and humans, national and international recommended noise and vibrations levels, measurement of noise and vibrations, and possible countermeasures are briefly reviewed as well. Finally, suggestions for the continued research within this field are presented. The propagation of waves is influenced by attenuation along the propagation path. The attenuation can either be through geometric spreading, energy loss within the material, or reflection and refraction at boundaries. In a rock mass, where heterogeneities of various scales are present, the attenuation of (train-induced) waves through the ground therefore mainly depends on discontinuities, e.g. joints, faults, cracks, crushed zones, dykes, and boundaries between different rock types or soil. Also the topography - along as well as intersecting tunnels - influences the wave propagation in form of local amplification. An increased amount of joints, faults and boundaries increases the attenuation of the waves. The rock mass is in most cases inhomogeneous due to all heterogeneities present. Despite this fact, the rock mass and soil is always treated as an isotropic, homogeneous material when analyzed with regard to ground-borne noise and ground-borne vibrations. This concerns both numerical and empirical methods. Thus, there is a lack of knowledge regarding the influence of various heterogeneities on the propagation of waves, and thereby vibrations, in non-isotropic ground conditions (e.g. a rock mass) at low frequencies. Future research regarding train-induced vibration should focus on conceptual models used to determine the propagation of low-frequency waves in a rock mass containing various amount of heterogeneities (from isotropic to highly inhomogeneous). Once the behaviour of waves in an inhomogeneous rock mass has been established, conceptual models should be used together with measurements from a few well documented cases. From the results of the analysis, guidelines for analysis of railway tunnels with regard to ground-borne noise and ground-borne vibrations should be established.
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| 5. |
- Thorsson, Pontus, 1974, et al.
(författare)
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Vibrationsdämpande markfilter för reduktion av markvibrationer vid sprängning i bergtäkter
- 2015
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Projektet som presenteras i denna rapport har studerat möjligheterna att dämpa markvibrationer från sprängningar med hjälp av luftfyllda hål i berg. Principen är att förändringen i materialparametrar mellan berget och luften i hålen skapar reflektion av vibrationerna. Teoretisk och praktisk litteratur visar på möjligheten att skapa destruktiv interferens mellan de olika reflexerna som kan styras till att dämpa markvibrationerna. Detta projekt har utfört praktiska fältförsök i full skala för att utreda om tekniken är möjlig att använda kring bergtäkter.De utförda provningarna i verkliga miljöer visar på att det finns möjligheter att dämpa markvibrationer genom att skapa ett metamaterial som består av borrade hål i berg. Störst effekt får man om man kan skapa tillräckligt stora hål jämfört med vibrationens våglängd. Genom att välja rätt geometri, d v s håldiameter och borrplan, kan man välja vilka frekvenser där vibrationen ska reduceras.I de praktiska försöken som genomförts i detta projekt har det visats att man kan simulera stora hål genom att borra mindre hål tätt samman inom en cirkel. Detta är ett mycket viktigt resultat då de relevanta våglängder i bergtäktsammanhang är långa, vilket kräver stora håldiametrar. De simulerade stora hålen i Glimmingen visade på en potentiell dämpning av vertikala vibrationshastigheter med omkring 50 % i frekvensbanden 100-125 Hz. Detta är stora sänkningar som bör undersökas vidare om de kan realiseras praktiskt vid befintlig bergtäkt. Vid bostäder som ligger nära bergtäkter är det vanligt att vibrationshastigheterna har högst värden vid ca 30 – 40 Hz, vilket medför att de simulerade hålen skall vara 2 – 3 gånger större än de som borrades i Glimmingen. Detta medför grupperingar av borrhål inom cirklar som är omkring 3 m i diameter.Vidare visade de praktiska försöken att effektiviteten av ett sådant filter måste utvärderas med mätningar i samma punkter före och efter ett filter har konstruerats. Annars finns risk att man attribuerar vågdämpnings- och eventuella vågförstärkningseffekter som sker i berget till filtret. Kort sagt, filtrets effektivitet utvärderas felaktigt.Innan metoden med markfilter av borrhål kan användas som ett praktiskt hjälpmedel att minska markvibrationer kring bergtäkter måste ett designverktyg skapas som kan hantera alla platsspecifika variabler.
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| 6. |
- Deckner, F., et al.
(författare)
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Jordförstärkning
- 2010
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)
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