| 1. |
- Andersson-Wikström, Alexandra, et al.
(författare)
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Size fractionation of dissolved metals in stormwater in Umeå, Sweden
- 2016
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Dissolved metals are generally considered the most mobile, toxic and bioavailable form of metals. However, the partition between dissolved and particulate phases is conventionally defined by the fraction passing through a 0.45 μm membrane, even though it is widely known that this fraction also includes different types of organic and inorganic colloids. Further size fractionation of metals in the dissolved phase can be performed using different techniques. The knowledge on the metal fractionation in stormwater is useful for assessments of the metals’ bioavailability as well as the performance of stormwater treatment systems. In this study, the size fractionation of dissolved metals in stormwater from four different urban areas in the city of Umeå, Sweden, is determined using ultrafiltration. The objective is to find a pattern for the size fractionation of different metals in the dissolved phase in stormwater and, by this, estimate the bioavailability of the metals. The investigated catchment areas include a parking space, a highway and two different commercial sites. The sampling campaigns will take place in the spring of 2016, taking samples from the stormwater drainage system using automatic samplers.
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| 2. |
- Andersson-Wikström, Alexandra, et al.
(författare)
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The release of pollutants from roofing materials in laboratory experiments
- 2015
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Diffuse pollution sources have been recognised by the European Water Framework Directive to significantly contribute to pollution of stormwater receivers. Stormwater runoff is considered to represent diffuse pollution sources. The aim of this study was to clarify the contributions of specific sources in the urban environment to the content of organic and inorganic pollutants in stormwater. This was done by conducting laboratory screening tests of several conventional roofing materials and coatings to determine which pollutants they release and how they might contribute to the deterioration of stormwater quality. The studied pollutants include metals (Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, V, Zn) as well as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), phthalates, pesticides, nonylphenols and –ethoxylates. Many of the studied roofing materials, e.g. roofing shingle, a PVC sheet and a bitumen paste for felt roof maintenance, exhibited the potential to release several of these substances into stormwater runoff. However, phthalates were not released from any of the studied materials under the tested conditions. In addition, quite similar materials exhibited rather different substance release profiles.
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| 3. |
- Blecken, Godecke-Tobias, et al.
(författare)
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Metals : Occurrence, Treatment Efficiency and Accumulation Under Varying Flows
- 2018
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Ingår i: Ecotechnologies for the Treatment of Variable Stormwater and Wastewater Flows. - Cham : Springer. - 9783319700120 - 9783319700137 ; , s. 75-91
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Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Metals were the first priority pollutants to be widely investigated in stormwater. In solid phase, they are often attached to very fine particles. The dissolved fraction creates considerable environmental problems as it is the most bioavailable fraction. Hence, removal of both fine and dissolved particles plays a major role in the treatment of polluted runoff. Ecotechnologies specifically designed to remove metals should be able to address different treatment mechanisms. However, the exhaustion of sorption capacity reduces the lifespan of treatment facilities. Additionally, metal concentrations fluctuate extremely—spatially, seasonally and over time—which poses another challenge for further increasing removal efficiencies. While soil- or sand-based systems should be designed in a way that the filter material can be exchanged, newer developments such as Floating Treatment Wetlands show promising removal capacities as the installations bind metals in sludge sediments, which can be removed from time to time. The different treatment mechanisms, aforementioned developments and techniques as well as their removal capacities will be discussed in this chapter
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| 4. |
- Borris, Matthias, et al.
(författare)
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An exploratory study of the effects of stormwater pipeline materials on transported stormwater quality
- 2017
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Ingår i: Water Science and Technology. - : IWA Publishing. - 0273-1223 .- 1996-9732. ; 76:2, s. 247-255
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Implications of three sewer pipe materials (concrete, galvanized corrugated steel, and polyvinyl chloride (PVC)) for stormwater quality were explored in laboratory experiments, in which three types of stormwater, SW1-SW3, were circulated in 0.5 m long sewer pipe sections. SW1 and SW2 represented synthetic rainwater, without and with fine street sediment added (CTSS = 150 mg/L), respectively, and SW3 was actual stormwater with the same sediment addition as SW2. Following 20-min runs, with an equivalent distance of 500 m travelled by water particles, a number of statistically significant changes in the stormwater chemistry were observed: (i) pH of all the simulated stormwaters increased in the concrete pipe (from 7.0-7.3 to 8.1-9.3), (ii) turbidity decreased in two stormwaters with sediments (SW2 and SW3) in concrete and galvanized corrugated steel pipes (by 50 and 85%, respectively), (iii) the type of stormwater affected the observed copper (Cu) concentrations, with Cudiss concentrations as high as 25.3 μg/L noted in SW3 passing through the PVC pipe, and (iv) zinc (Zn) concentrations sharply increased (Zntot = 759-1,406 μg/L, Zndiss = 670-1,400 μg/L) due to Zn elution from the galvanized steel pipe by all three stormwaters. Such levels exceeded the applicable environmental guidelines.
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| 5. |
- Borris, Matthias, et al.
(författare)
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Contribution of coarse particles from road surfaces to dissolved and particle-bound heavy metal loads in runoff : A laboratory leaching study with synthetic stormwater
- 2016
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Ingår i: Science of the Total Environment. - : Elsevier BV. - 0048-9697 .- 1879-1026. ; 573, s. 212-221
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Laboratory leaching experiments were performed to study the potential of coarse street sediments (i.e. > 250 μm) to release dissolved and particulate-bound heavy metals (i.e. Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn) during rainfall/runoff. Towards this end, street sediments were sampled by vacuuming at seven sites in five Swedish cities and the collected sediments were characterized with respect to their physical and chemical properties. In the laboratory, the sediments were combined with synthetic rainwater and subject to agitation by a shaker mimicking particle motion during transport by runoff from street surfaces. As a result of such action, coarse street sediments were found to release significant amounts of heavy metals, which were predominantly (up to 99%) in the particulate bound phase. Thus, in dry weather, coarse street sediments functioned as collectors of fine particles with attached heavy metals, but in wet weather, metal burdens were released by rainfall/runoff processes. The magnitude of such releases depended on the site characteristics (i.e. street cleaning and traffic intensity), particle properties (i.e. organic matter content), and runoff characteristics (pH, and the duration of, and energy input into, sediment/water agitation). The study findings suggest that street cleaning, which preferentially removes coarser sediments, may produce additional environmental benefits by also removing fine contaminated particles attached to coarser materials
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| 6. |
- Borris, Matthias, et al.
(författare)
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Snow pollution management in urban areas: an idea whose time has come?
- 2021
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Ingår i: Urban Water Journal. - : Taylor & Francis. - 1573-062X .- 1744-9006. ; 18:10, s. 840-849
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Needs for extending the principles of a sustainable urban drainage approach to the winter season with snow and pollutant accumulations have been so far unanswered. One of the first steps to remedy this situation is to make available a prototype snow management tool (PSMT) described herein. It is a simple empirical spreadsheet tool, as yet untested, which uses generally available input data to simulate accumulation of snow (as snow water equivalent) and pollutants in an urban catchment, intermittent snowmelt episodes, and snow management options including in situ melting, removal from the catchment, treatment of snowmelt by settling, and snow disposal in the receiving waters. The tool output comprises snow and the selected pollutant mass balances, and pollutant concentrations in snowmelt from individual snow deposits. Such data provide decision support for choosing the methods of disposal for individual snow deposits. The testing and refinement of the tool is planned.
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| 7. |
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| 8. |
- Borris, Matthias, et al.
(författare)
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Source-Based Modeling Of Urban Stormwater Quality Response to the Selected Scenarios Combining Future Changes in Climate and Socio-Economic Factors
- 2016
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Ingår i: Environmental Management. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0364-152X .- 1432-1009. ; 58:2, s. 223-237
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The assessment of future trends in urban stormwater quality should be most helpful for ensuring the effectiveness of the existing stormwater quality infrastructure in the future and mitigating the associated impacts on receiving waters. Combined effects of expected changes in climate and socio-economic factors on stormwater quality were examined in two urban test catchments by applying a source-based computer model (WinSLAMM) for TSS and three heavy metals (copper, lead, and zinc) for various future scenarios. Generally, both catchments showed similar responses to the future scenarios and pollutant loads were generally more sensitive to changes in socio-economic factors (i.e., increasing traffic intensities, growth and intensification of the individual land-uses) than in the climate. Specifically, for the selected Intermediate socio-economic scenario and two climate change scenarios (RSP = 2.6 and 8.5), the TSS loads from both catchments increased by about 10 % on average, but when applying the Intermediate climate change scenario (RCP = 4.5) for two SSPs, the Sustainability and Security scenarios (SSP1 and SSP3), the TSS loads increased on average by 70 %. Furthermore, it was observed that well-designed and maintained stormwater treatment facilities targeting local pollution hotspots exhibited the potential to significantly improve stormwater quality, however, at potentially high costs. In fact, it was possible to reduce pollutant loads from both catchments under the future Sustainability scenario (on average, e.g., TSS were reduced by 20 %), compared to the current conditions. The methodology developed in this study was found useful for planning climate change adaptation strategies in the context of local conditions.
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| 9. |
- Flanagan, Kelsey, et al.
(författare)
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Contamination of Urban Stormwater Pond Sediments : A Study of 259 Legacy and Contemporary Organic Substances
- 2021
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Ingår i: Environmental Science and Technology. - : American Chemical Society (ACS). - 0013-936X .- 1520-5851. ; 55:5, s. 3009-3020
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Stormwater ponds improve water quality by facilitating the sedimentation of particles and particulate contaminants from urban runoff. Over time, this function entails the accumulation of contaminated sediments, which must be removed periodically to maintain a pond’s hydraulic and treatment capacity. In this study, sediments from 17 stormwater sedimentation facilities from four Swedish municipalities were analyzed for 259 organic substances likely to be found in the urban environment. A total of 92 substances were detected in at least one sample, while as many as 52 substances were detected in a single sample. A typical profile of urban contamination was identified, including polychlorinated biphenyls, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, organotins, aliphatic hydrocarbons, phthalates, aldehydes, polybrominated diphenyl ethers, perfluorinated substances, and alkylphenols. However, levels of contamination varied greatly between ponds, influenced heavily by the dilution of urban pollutants and wear particles from other sources of particles such as eroded soil, sand, or natural organic matter. For 22 of 32 samples, the observed concentrations of at least one organic substance exceeded the regulatory threshold values derived from toxicity data for both sediment and soil.
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| 10. |
- Furén, Robert, Industridoktorand, et al.
(författare)
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Concentration, distribution, and fractionation of metals in the filter material of 29 bioretention facilities: a field study
- 2023
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Ingår i: Environmental Science. - : Royal Society of Chemistry. - 2053-1400 .- 2053-1419. ; 9:12, s. 3158-3173
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Pollutant loads stemming from anthropogenic activities conveyed in urban stormwater runoff contribute to the impairment of downstream water bodies. Cities and municipalities are increasingly turning toward green infrastructure stormwater control measures to treat pollutants at the source of runoff. One example of these technologies is bioretention, which is commonly applied for stormwater treatment in urban areas due to its demonstrated effectiveness in removing various pollutants from water, including sediment, nutrients (e.g., N and P), and metals. As metals are mainly removed by filtration or adsorption to soil particles, the filter media is important for metal removal in bioretention. However, the capacity to remove metals through adsorption by bioretention media is finite; thus, the media may need to be replaced and disposed of after maintenance or at the end of its operational lifespan. Pollutant accumulation in bioretention media has the potential to approach toxicity thresholds, which may introduce complexities for safe handling and disposal. To fully capture the potential challenges associated with metals accumulation in media over time, it is important to understand the accumulation processes and mobility of metals in bioretention facilities as they age. Although several studies have investigated metal accumulation and distribution in bioretention media, few have assessed metal mobility by fractionation using sequential extraction methods in older (i.e., >7 years) facilities. In November 2019, we conducted a comprehensive field study of older facilities in Ohio, Michigan, and Kentucky (USA) to improve the understanding of the accumulation processes and metal mobility in bioretention. In this study, concentrations of several metals (i.e., Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, and Zn) were analyzed in samples of filter material from 29 bioretention sites in operation for 7–16 years. Except for Cd, all metals were found in all samples. Metals accumulation was clear with highest concentrations found in the top (0–5 cm) layer of the filter material, attributable to the filtration of particles percolating through the media profile. Lower concentrations were observed in deeper (i.e., >10 cm) layers of the bioretention media. The fractionation showed that the metals of interest were present at high levels with a risk of leaching over time, among which Cd, Zn, and Pb were suggested to be mobile from the filter material during precipitation. Thus, there is a potential risk of leakage from filter material or sediment removed from biofilters, e.g., during maintenance and disposal. The results of principal component analysis indicated specifically correlations between metal concentrations and the filter material soil texture including the organic matter content. These results contribute to improved design and operation and suggest regular maintenance to reduce long-term risks associated with the accumulation of metals in bioretention and similar urban stormwater treatment facilities. Since most metals are trapped in the top layer of the filter it may be enough to remove only the top layer. However, metal fractionation should be considered when handling the material.
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