| 1. |
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INNOTRACK: Concluding technical report
- 2010
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Samlingsverk (redaktörskap) (övrigt vetenskapligt)abstract
- The track structure, rails, switches and crossings account for more than 50% of maintenance and renewal costs for the rail industry. To improve the competitiveness of rail transportation, the cost-efficiency of these areas needs to be addressed. This the background to INNOTRACK, an integrated research project funded by the European Commission’s 6th research framework pro- gramme. Running from September 2006 to December 2009, INN- OTRACK has developed a multitude of innovative solutions in the areas of track substructure, rails & welds, and switches & crossings. The solutions have been assessed from technical, logistics and life cycle cost point of views. This Concluding Technical Report of INNOTRACK includes an overview of the project. It further details implementable results, and clusters them into ”highlight” areas. In addition, the book acts as a ”key” to the vast amount of information from INNOTRACK: All sections refer to project reports where more information can be found.
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| 2. |
- Högman, Ulf, 1961-, et al.
(författare)
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Requirements on New Technology and the Technology Implementation Process
- 2010
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Ingår i: Proceedings of NordDesign 2010, August 25-27, Gothenburg, Sweden. - 978-91-633-7064-2 ; 2, s. 289-300
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- In literature, many authors have pointed to the importance of technology and technology development for company competitiveness. In this study we aim to study the technology in more detail and attempt to develop an understanding on the requirements and needs on “technology” from the perspective of product development. The research question which we aim to answer in this study is: “What are the requirements on maturity of technology when this technology is about to enter into the product development process?“ A qualitative research strategy, based on three study cases involving 17 interviewees, has been chosen. All three cases come from one single company, Volvo Aero Corporation (VAC) in Sweden, in the context of the aero engine industry. The study contributes with a broad mapping of requirements and how they relate to different categories of technologies, showing big differences both regarding content and timing. It is concluded that attention should be payed both to how the organization builds new capabilities and to the capabilities of the technology itself. A surprisingly complicated picture on the requirements relating to the implementation of new technologies has emerged in the study. This contributes to the understanding regarding the difficulties of developing new technology and integrating it into an application.
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| 3. |
- Bergseth, Ellen, 1979-
(författare)
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On tribological design in gear tooth contacts
- 2012
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt)abstract
- The correct tribological design will have a considerable effect on a gear’s service life and efficiency. The purpose of this thesis is to clarify the impact of variation in the gear tooth flank tribological system on the gear contact load capacity – to increase the understanding of how surface topography and lubricant interact.In this thesis the variation in surface topography inherent in the manufacturing method has been shown, by experimental work and computer simulations, to be an important factor for the contact condition in the early life of gears. Surface analysis revealed that the formation and composition of surface boundary layers depends strongly on the chemical composition of the lubricant, but also on pre-existing surface boundary layers. Additionally, surface boundary layers play a major role in frictional behaviour, wear and in allowing the lubricant to react properly with the surfaces.Paper A presents the current ISO 6336 calculation of surface durability. A robust design approach was used to investigate the extent to which the current standard for calculation of surface durability allows for manufacturing variations and the choice of lubricant.Paper B investigates the extent to which a logarithmical profile modification can increase gear contact pressure robustness compared to traditional lead profiles for gears.Paper C compares different gear manufacturing methods and their as-manufactured (fresh unworn) surface topographies, using measured surface topographies as input to a contact simulation program.Paper D examines surface boundary layer formation and the corresponding wear in relation to different anti-wear additives in an environmentally adapted base oil.Papers E and F make use of specimens with surface topographies imitating two gear manufacturing methods (grinding and superfinishing) to be used in a twin-disc and barrel-on-disc machine respectively. The contacts are analysed by friction measurements and simulations combined with methods for surface analysis.
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| 4. |
- Yarmohamadi, Hoda, 1980-, et al.
(författare)
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Modeling of elastomeric engine mounts for commercial vehicles
- 2007
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Ingår i: Proceedings of the 20th Nordic Seminar on Computational Mechanics, NSCM 20, R.Larsson and K. Runesson (eds.), 23-24 November, 2007, Göteborg, Sweden. - 1652-8549.
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Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt)abstract
- In this paper, a model of the conventional engine mount is developed and the nonlinear behavior of dynamic stiffness and damping of the engine mounts of commercial vehicles are investigated. The model comprises elastic, viscous and friction functional components and expresses the stiffness and damping of the mount as a function of frequency and amplitude of harmonic excitation. Optimization is done to identify model parameters using measurements for real elastomeric engine mounts.
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| 5. |
- Abbasi, Saeed, 1973-, et al.
(författare)
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A field investigation of the size, morphology and chemical composition of airborne particles in rail transport
- 2010
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- The health effects of inhalable airborne particles are well documented. In the European Union the European Council mandates that the level of airborne particles with a diameter smaller than 10 µm (PM10) must not exceed an annual average of 40 µg/m3. Examples of possible sources from rail transport are mechanical brakes, wheel rail contact, current collectors, ballast, sleepers and masonry structures. In this regard, a series of field tests have been conducted on a regular Swedish track using a regional train instrumented with: particle measurement devices, temperature sensors in brake pads and sensors to measure the magnitude of train speed and a GPS.Two sampling points for airborne particles were designated in the train under frame. One of the sampling points was near a pad to rotor disc brake contact and a second global sampling point was chosen under the frame, but not near a mechanical brake or the wheel-rail contact. The first one was highly influenced by brake pad wear debris and the other one was influenced by all of the brake pads, wheel and rail wear debris as well as re-suspension. In each sampling points, three tubes were linked to three particle measurement devices. Two sets of Ptrak, Dustrak and Grimm devices were used. The Ptrak 8525 was an optical particle measurement device which could measure particle diameter in the size interval of 20 nm up to 1 micrometer. The Dustrak was used to measure particle mass concentration. The Grimm 1.109 was an aerosol spectrometer which counted number of particles from 0.25 micrometer to 32 micrometer in 31 intervals. These two Grimm devices were equipped with Millipore filters in the devices outlets to capture particles for further studies on morphology and matter of particles.The total number and size distribution of the particles for these two sampling points were registered and evaluated in different situations such as activating and deactivating electrical brake or train curve negotiating.During braking, three peaks of 250 nm, 350 nm and 600 nm in diameter, with the 350 nm peak dominating were identified in the fine particle region. In the coarse particle region, a peak of around 3-6 µm in diameter was discovered. The brake pad temperature effects on particle size distribution were also investigated and the results showed that the peak around 250 nm increased. Furthermore, the activation of electrical braking significantly reduced the number of airborne particles.A SEM was used to capture the images from collected particles on filters. Furthermore, an ICP-Ms method was used to investigate the elemental contents of the particulates on the filter. In this case the main contribution belonged to Fe, Si, Al, Ca, Cu, Zn. The higher amount of some elements weights such as calcium, silicon, sodium and aluminum in the global sampling point filters revealed that ballast and concrete sleepers were the main sources for these particles although some of them originated from rail, wheel, brake disc and brake pad as well.
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| 6. |
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| 7. |
- Aghaali, Habib, 1981-, et al.
(författare)
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Turbocharged SI-Engine Simulation with Cold and Hot-Measured Turbocharger Performance Maps
- 2012
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Ingår i: Proceedings of ASME Turbo Expo 2012. - ASME.
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Heat transfer within the turbocharger is an issue in engine simulation based on zero and one-dimensional gas dynamics. Turbocharged engine simulation is often done without taking into account the heat transfer in the turbocharger. In the simulation, using multipliers is the common way of adjusting turbocharger speed and parameters downstream of the compressor and upstream of the turbine. However, they do not represent the physical reality. The multipliers change the maps and need often to be different for different load points. The aim of this paper is to simulate a turbocharged engine and also consider heat transfer in the turbocharger. To be able to consider heat transfer in the turbine and compressor, heat is transferred from the turbine volute and into the compressor scroll. Additionally, the engine simulation was done by using two different turbocharger performance maps of a turbocharger measured under cold and hot conditions. The turbine inlet temperatures were 100 and 600°C, respectively. The turbocharged engine experiment was performed on a water-oil-cooled turbocharger (closed waste-gate), which was installed on a 2-liter gasoline direct-injected engine with variable valve timing, for different load points of the engine. In the work described in this paper, the difference between cold and hot-measured turbocharger performance maps is discussed and the quantified heat transfers from the turbine and to/from the compressor are interpreted and related to the maps.
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| 8. |
- Paulsson, Björn, et al.
(författare)
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INNOTRACK -- Innovative Track System --- A unique approach from infrastructure managers and competitive track supply industry to develop the innovative products of the future
- 2006
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Ingår i: 7th World Congress on Railway Research.
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- InnoTrack is a R&D project that has gathered 35 European participants to a joint project. Several leading rail infrastructure mangers (IM) and industrial suppliers are partners in the consortium. This initiative gives a unique opportunity to concentrate on research issues that will contribute to a reduction of rail infrastructure Life Cycle Cost (LCC) and doing so in close cooperation between rail IMs and industry suppliers, the two major players in the rail industry.. In addition, several of the leading European universities in the area are actively participating in the project. The EC White paper on Sustainable Transport calls for rail operators to: • Double passenger traffic & triple freight traffic by 2020 • Reduce LCC by 30% The Railway Business Scenario 2020 also calls for railways to capture 15% of freight & 12% of the passenger market. To achieve these objectives, investment alone is not sufficient, but has to be complemented by significant innovation and technology transfer. This can only be achieved in a very close cooperation between IMs and industry suppliers. In this process, it is essential that the IMs, as the end users, set out their priorities and needs, at a European Level, to solve critical problems for achieving the white paper objectives. This will be done by performing research on four key topics: • Track support structure • Switches and Crossings • Rails • Logistics for track maintenance and renewal To ensure that cost reductions can be consistently evaluated across Europe, InnoTrack will also devise an innovative generic methodology for LCC calculation, based on best LCC practices at a EU level, to be offered IMs across Europe. For each of the research topics, InnoTrack will: • Analyse root causes of the identified issues on a European scale taking into account the effect of different duty conditions whilst providing product and service solutions for cheaper and longer lasting tracks • Draw together common European specifications regarding Reliability, Availability, Maintainability and Safety (RAMS) combined with LCC • Provide innovative solutions to reduce failure rates and decrease LCC of material, equipment, machinery and systems Finally, InnoTrack will assure a wide dissemination through UIC and UNIFE, two organisations representing IMs and industry. The current paper gives an overview of the InnoTrack project.
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| 9. |
- Ahlström, Johan, 1969-, et al.
(författare)
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Modeling of Distortion during Casting and Machining of Aluminum Engine Blocks with Cast-in Gray Iron Liners
- 2012
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Ingår i: Materials Performance and Characterization. - 2165-3992. ; 9:5
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- A method for quantifying distortions arising in engine blocks of aluminium with liners of grey iron has been developed based on virtual finite element based simulation tools. The key processing steps comprise the convection cooling step, associated with shrinkage and residual stress build-up, and the machining step. The engine block has been modelled using the finite element method and machining has been simulated using the element-removal technique. The mechanical behaviour of aluminium has been characterised by tensile tests at different temperatures and strain rates. The results were used for calibration of material models capturing the viscoplastic behaviour at higher temperatures. Finally, following the key process steps, results from a complete process analysis are reported comprising the initial stress build-up based on the cooling associated with initial out-of-roundness and predictions of final residual stress state in the block and out-of-roundness of the liners after various machining operations.
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| 10. |
- Carlberger, Thomas
(författare)
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Adhesive joining for crashworthiness : material data and explicit FE-methods
- 2008
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt)abstract
- Today, crash simulations replace crash testing in the product development phase in theautomotive industry. High quality simulations enable shorter product development time andhigher competitiveness. However, increasing requirements regarding emissions andcrashworthiness are demanding optimised material choice in the parts constituting the carbody structure. Lightweight materials are becoming frequently used. Joining dissimilarmaterials is difficult using common joining techniques like spot welding. To this end,adhesive joining is currently gaining popularity not only due to the ability to join dissimilarmaterials, joint integrity and structural stiffness both increase by the use of adhesive joining.Moreover, the number of spot welds may be reduced in hybrid joints.In this thesis, adhesive joints are studied with respect to crashworthiness of automotivestructures. The main task for the adhesive is not to dissipate the impact energy, but to keep thejoint integrity so that the impact energy can be consumed by plastic work of the basematerials. Fracture of adhesives can be accurately modelled by cohesive zones. The dynamicbehaviour of finite element structures containing cohesive zones is studied using a simplifiedstructure. An amplified strain rate is found in the adhesive as compared to the base material.The cohesive zone concept is used in the development of a 2D interphase element. Theaccuracy and time step influence of the interphase element is compared to solutions based oncontinuum element representation of the adhesive. The interphase element is found to predictfracture of the adhesive joint with engineering accuracy and has a small effect on the timestep of the explicit FE method.The cohesive laws for use in the material models of the adhesive have been determined usingdedicated test methods. The double cantilever beam specimen and the end notched flexurespecimen are used with inverse methods to determine cohesive laws in peel and shear,respectively. The cohesive laws are determined for varying temperature, strain rate andadhesive layer thickness. A built up bimaterial beam is designed for testing and simulation ofjoints consisting of bolts, adhesives and combinations of bolts and adhesives, i.e. hybridjoints. The model of the hybrid beam developed was found to be able to predict results fromimpact tests, quantified as maximum load and deformed shape of the beam.
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