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- Munthe, Christian, 1962
(författare)
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The Price of Precaution and the Ethics of Risk
- 2011
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Bok (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Since a couple of decades, the notion of a precautionary principle plays a central and increasingly influential role in international as well as national policy and regulation regarding the environment and the use of technology. Urging society to take action in the face of potential risks of human activities in these areas, the recent focus on climate change has further sharpened the importance of this idea. However, the idea of a precautionary principle has also been problematised and criticised by scientists, scholars and policy activists, and been accused of almost every intellectual sin imaginable: unclarity, impracticality, arbitrariness and moral as well as political unsoundness. In that light, the very idea of precaution as an ideal for policy making rather comes out as a dead end. On the basis of these contrasting starting points, Christian Munthe undertakes an innovative, in-depth philosophical analysis of what the idea of a precautionary principle is and should be about. A novel theory of the ethics of imposing risks is developed and used as a foundation for defending the idea of precaution in environmental and technological policy making against its critics, while at the same time avoiding a number of identified flaws. The theory is shown to have far-reaching consequences for areas such as bio-, information- and nuclear technology, and global environmental policy in areas such as climate change. The author argues that, while the price we pay for precaution must not be too high, we have to be prepared to pay it in order to act ethically defensible. A number of practical suggestions for precautionary regulation and policy making are made on the basis of this, and some challenges to basic ethical theory as well as consumerist societies, the global political order and liberal democracy are identified
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| 3. |
- Futter, Martyn, et al.
(författare)
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Forests, Forestry and the Water Framework Directive in Sweden : A Trans-Disciplinary Commentary
- 2011
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Ingår i: Forests. - : MDPI AG. - 1999-4907. ; 2:1, s. 261-282
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The Water Framework Directive (WFD) is an ambitious piece of legislation designed to protect and improve water quality throughout Europe. However, forests are only mentioned once in the WFD, and forestry is not mentioned at all, despite its potential implications for streams, rivers and lakes. Here we present a transdisciplinary commentary on the WFD and its implications for forests and forestry in Sweden. This commentary has been prepared by forestry stakeholders, biophysical and social scientists. While we were cognizant of a large body of discipline-specific research, there are very few inter-or trans-disciplinary commentaries which link academic and stakeholder perspectives on the WFD. We had originally felt that there would be little commonality in our concerns. However, we found significant areas of agreement. Our key areas of concern about the implications of the WFD for forestry in Sweden included: (i) concerns about what is meant by good ecological status and how it is assessed; (ii) a perceived lack of clarity in the legal framework; (iii) an inadequate environmental impact assessment process; and (iv) uncertainties about appropriate programs of measures for improving water quality. We were also concerned that ecosystem services provided by forests and the positive effects of forestry on water quality are inadequately recognized in the WFD.
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| 4. |
- Sharifyazdi, Mehdi, 1978, et al.
(författare)
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Capacity Allocation and Pricing for Take-or-Pay Reservation Contracts
- 2014
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Ingår i: Operations Research Proceedings 2012. - Berlin : Springer-Verlag Berlin. - 0721-5924. - 9783319007953 ; , s. 395-400
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper uses a bi-level optimization model to formulate a specific type of capacity reservation contracts, namely take-or-pay contracts, where a buyer reserves a portion of a supplier’s capacity before demand is realized with discounted price. At first, we formulate the lower-level problem and solve a non-linear optimization model where a buyer decides on the amount of capacity to be reserved given the discounted and normal unit capacity price, demand probability distribution and maximum available capacity. Afterwards, we construct the upper-level model where there are a supplier and multiple buyers and the supplier must choose the discounted price and maximum available capacity for each of the buyers. Enforced by the behaviour of the model, we create a bi-level real-valued genetic algorithm to find good solutions for the model.
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| 5. |
- Cutas, Daniela, 1978, et al.
(författare)
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Legal imperialism in the regulation of stem cell research and therapy: the problem of extraterritorial jurisdiction
- 2010
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Ingår i: Capps BJ & Campbell AV (eds.). CONTESTED CELLS: Global Perspectives on the Stem Cell Debate. - London : Imperial College Press. - 9781848164376 ; , s. 95-119
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Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Countries worldwide have very different national regulations on human embryonic stem (ES) cell research, informed by a range of ethical values. Some countries find reason to extend the applicability of their regulations on such research to its citizens when they visit other countries. Extraterritorial jurisdiction has recently been identified as a potential challenge towards global regulation of ES cell research. This chapter explores the implications and impact of extraterritorial jurisdiction and global regulation of ES cell research on researchers, clinicians and national health systems, and how this may affect patients. The authors argue that it would make ethical sense for ES cell restrictive countries to extend its regulations on ES cell research beyond its borders, because, if these countries really consider embryo destruction to be objectionable on the basis on the status of the embryo, then they ought to count it morally on par with murder (and thus have a moral imperative to protect embryos from the actions of its own citizens). However, doing so could lead to a legal situation that would result in substantial harm to central values in areas besides research, such as health care, the job market, basic freedom of movement, and strategic international finance and politics. Thus, it seems that restrictive extraterritorial jurisdiction in respect to ES cell research would be deeply problematic, given that the ethical permissibility of ES cell research is characterised by deep and wide disagreement.
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- Englund, Oskar, 1982, et al.
(författare)
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Legislative Readiness for RED
- 2011
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- An analysis of the legislative readiness among exporting countries to produce biofuels in compliance with the sustainability criteria in the EU Renewable Energy Directive
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| 8. |
- Eneman, Marie, 1969
(författare)
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Access Blocking of Child Abusive Material: Evaluation of the Swedish Practice
- 2012
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- IT is today the most common medium for accessing and distributing child abusive material (Eneman, 2005). The serious impact and the role of information technology (IT) for the production, distribution and accessing of child abusive material has been highlighted by a number of researchers in recent years (Eneman, 2010; Gillespie, 2008; Taylor and Quayle, 2003). The distribution of child abusive material through IT constitutes a serious and growing challenge for law enforcement agencies due to the characteristics of modern technological innovations (Eneman, 2010). A response to this is the collaboration between Law Enforcement and the Internet Service Providers’ (ISPs) implementation of so-called blocking systems to regulate access of this material. The Swedish blocking practice is based upon a voluntary partnership between Law Enforcement and the Internet Industry. The purpose with this study has been to evaluate the so called ‘blocking list’ compiled by the police and used by the involved ISPs.
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| 9. |
- Eneman, Marie, 1969
(författare)
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Granskning av den rådande svenska blockeringspraktiken gällande barnpornografi
- 2013
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Modern teknologi utmanar som bekant traditionell nationell lagstiftning och är gränsöverskridande till sin karaktär och tar inte hänsyn till geografiska nationella. Ett resultat av detta är att Sverige sedan 2005 tillämpar en blockeringspraktik som syftar till att reducera distribution av barnpornografi. Flertalet svenska Internetleverantörer, ingår idag i detta samarbete med Polisen, och blockerar åtkomstförsök till Internetsidor som Polisen i förväg identifierat innehålla barnpornografi. Gruppen mot sexuella övergrepp mot barn vid IT-brottssektionen, Rikskriminalpolisen i Stockholm. De poliser inom denna grupp som arbetar med blockeringen tar emot tips (tex från andra polisdistrikt, allmänheten och barnrättsorganisationer) om Internetsidor som misstänks innehålla barnpornografi och granskar tipsen. Inom gruppen vid Rikskriminalpolisen gör man således en bedömning av huruvida materialet utgör barnpornografi enligt svensk lagstiftning. Om så är fallet, inkluderas webbadressen på den så kallade blockeringslistan som senare distribueras till de svenska Internetoperatörer som har valt att delta i samarbetet. Detta innebär att det rådande systemet gällande blockering endast inkluderar Internetsidor som Polisen i förväg identifierat innehåller barnpornografi. Alla svenska Internetoperatörer är inte med i samarbetet, men ett antal har valt att delta. Vissa Internetoperatörer har medvetet valt att stå utanför blockeringspraktiken då man värnar om Internets öppenhet och innovationskraft. Att samhället skall göra sitt yttersta för att effektivt bekämpa barnpornografi håller nog de flesta av oss med om. Frågan är dock om blockering kan anses vara en effektiv lösning på problemet samt vilka oönskade konsekvenser och utmaningar praktiken riskerar ge upphov till.
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| 10. |
- Englund, Oskar, 1982, et al.
(författare)
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The Role of National Legislation in Bioenergy Governance
- 2014
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Ingår i: World Bioenergy 2014 Proceedings. - 9789197762489 ; , s. 180-184
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Bioenergy supply chains pass several layers of governance, including both emerging governance mechanisms that specifically address bioenergy and existing regulations, such as environmental codes affecting forestry and agriculture. The sustainability requirements associated with the EU Renewable Energy Directive (EU-RED) is an example of how norms and sustainability priorities in one region can be expressed so as to influence activities in other regions, when actors in these other regions aim to produce for the EU market. Achieving aspirations for developing sustainable bioenergy production systems and supply and value chains requires coordination among actors and parties to ensure that all necessary governance mechanisms are in place and capable of fulfilling the appropriate standards setting, control, governance and assurance roles that are required, collectively. In this paper, the capacity of public governance to promote bioenergy production for the EU-RED market was assessed for thirteen countries in Africa, Asia, and Latin America. Environmental legislation was assessed on how it covers the sustainability requirements included in EU-RED, as well as general sustainability aspects. The countries’ capacities to enforce legislation were assessed by combining globally applicable indexes. While some aspects (e.g., nature protection) were found to be mostly covered well in legislation, other (e.g., wetland protection, GHG emissions) where covered less well. Results indicate that enforcement of legislation can be a challenge in many countries.
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