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- Waltman, Max
(författare)
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Prohibiting Sex Purchasing and Ending Trafficking : The Swedish Prostitution Law
- 2011
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Ingår i: Michigan Journal of International Law. - 1052-2867. ; 33:1, s. 133-157
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The Swedish prostitution law from 1999, now followed by Norway and Iceland, criminalized the purchaser and decriminalized the prostituted person. This is analyzed as a cogent state response under international trafficking law, particularly to the obligations set forth in the United Nation’s Trafficking Protocol from 2000. The Protocol states that a person is regarded a trafficking victim when, e.g., someone abuses her “position of vulnerability” in order to exploit her. International jurisprudence and social evidence strongly suggest that prostitution, as practiced in the world, usually satisfies this definition. Further, the Protocol urges states to reduce the demand for prostitution and to protect and assist victims, for instance by adopting laws deterring purchasers of sex, and by supporting those exploited in prostitution. Policy makers, such as the U.S. Department of State, are criticized for taking an inadequate position in face of the growing evidence from the Swedish law's impact.The article shows that Sweden has significantly reduced the occurrence of trafficking in Sweden compared to neighboring countries. It also scrutinizes some misinformation of the law's impact, showing for instance that claims alleging a more dangerous situation for those still in prostitution after 1999 were unfounded. In addition, the article addresses remaining obstacles to the law's effective implementation, arguing that in order to realize the law's full potential to support escape from trafficking, the civil rights of prostituted persons under current law should be strengthened to enable them to claim damages directly from the purchasers for the harm to which they have contributed, and for the violation of the prostituted persons' equality and dignity - a position now recognized by the government to some extent by clarifying amendments made in 2011.
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| 3. |
- Langlet, David, 1977-
(författare)
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Transboundary Transit Pipelines : Reflections on the Balancing of Rights and Interests in Light of the Nord Stream Project
- 2014
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Ingår i: International and Comparative Law Quarterly. - 0020-5893 .- 1471-6895. ; 63:4, s. 977-995
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The Nord Stream project, which comprises two natural gas pipelines in the Baltic Sea, eminently illustrates several of the ambiguities that pertain to the ability of coastal States to regulate the laying and operation of transit pipelines in their exclusive economic zone and, conversely, the extent of the right of other States to carry out such activities. A highly significant issue is how seabed surveys undertaken in preparation for the laying of pipelines should be characterized, and thus regulated, under the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea. What is to be considered a ‘reasonable measure’ by a coastal State is another crucial issue which, together with the extent of the requirement for consent by the coastal State for any specific pipeline route, are decisive for defining the balance between potentially competing interests relating to submarine transit pipelines.
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| 4. |
- Persson, Annina H., 1963-, et al.
(författare)
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Household Credit, Indebtedness and Insolvency
- 2013
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Ingår i: European Review of Private Law. - Bedfordshire : Wolters Kluwer. - 0928-9801 .- 1875-8371. ; 21:3, s. 795-814
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The problem of excessive debt among households in Sweden is increasing. As a result of the development within the financial sector, households in Sweden have increased their debt incurrence markedly. It has been relatively easy to borrow money, due to the deregulation of the credit market in Sweden in the 1990s and the low interest rates in recent years. As mortgage loan is the bulk of the total household debt, the risk that individuals will be affected by excessive debt incurrence and insolvency has therefore increased. Therefore, a number of new legislative changes have been implemented to overcome this problem. In order to prevent these risks, the Financial Authority has adopted a rule that stipulates that new loans should not exceed 85% of the property market value. Reports from both the Swedish Enforcement Authority and the Swedish Financial Supervisory Authority show that 20% of Swedish households have a difficult time making ends meet. Those who are affected by excessive debt often experience a lower standard of living since frequently they are impacted by distraint.The aim of this paper is to describe and analyze the excessive debt situation in terms of insolvency and effects on households and society. Firstly, we intend to investigate foreclosures in Sweden, both regionally and over time. Why are certain regions less frequently affected by these risks while other regions show higher levels of risk even during generally good years? Secondly, we will investigate whether (a) whether properties that have undergone executive auction are sold at a lesser value, (b) if these properties have an impact on the property prices in the vicinity and (c) if those who buy these properties themselves run a greater risk of insolvency. Thirdly, a closely related area of legal interest is investigating to what extent legislation provides a protective net for the debtor who, through the executive auction, thereby loses his/her residence.
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| 5. |
- Waltman, Max
(författare)
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Rethinking democracy : legal challenges to pornography and sex inequality in Canada and the United States
- 2010
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Ingår i: Political research quarterly. - Salt Lake City : SAGE Publications. - 1065-9129 .- 1938-274X. ; 63:1, s. 218-237
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Why are democracies unresponsive to well-documented injuries in the production and by the consumption of pornography? Legal challenges to pornography in Canada and the United States in which sexual subordination, not moral notions of "obscenity," were the driving rationale, show democracies inadequately recognizing gender-specific harms. Changes in Canadian obscenity doctrines to account for harm and inequality, in contrast with the U.S. reign of "free speech," did not deliver a corresponding change on the ground. Developments in democratic theory, international law, and the particular U.S.–Canadian legal trajectory, and consideration of the void of institutions articulating the interests of those victimized in and by pornography, suggest the need to adopt empowering civil remedies.
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| 6. |
- Brax, David, 1979, et al.
(författare)
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Arbetet mot hatbrott måste prioriteras – på riktigt
- 2014
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Ingår i: Göteborgs-Posten 14 mars 2014. - 1103-9345.
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Tidskriftsartikel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Det finns starka skäl att prioritera arbetet mot hatbrott på riktigt, men i själva verket finns det inga tecken på att regeringen tar frågan på allvar, skriver forskare om hatbrottspolitik och mänskliga rättigheter vid Göteborgs och Lunds universitet.
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| 10. |
- Liwång, Hans, et al.
(författare)
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An examination of the implementation of risk based approaches in military operations
- 2014
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Ingår i: Journal of Military Studies. - Helsinki : National Defense University, Finland and Finnish Society of Military Sciences. - 1799-3350 .- 2242-3524. ; 5:2, s. 1-27
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Today several nations utilise risk based approaches in military planning. However, the discussion on limitations with the approaches in regard to aspects such as uncertainties, the nature of the threat and risk to civilians is limited.The aim of this work is to identify important challenges when applying risk based approaches to military activity. This article discusses risk based approaches in general and their military applications. Five generic quality requirements on risk analysis are presented from research in risk philosophy. Two military application areas for risk analysis: military intelligence, and risk management in legal assessments are analysed in relation to the presented quality requirements on risk analysis.From the analysis it is clear that risk analysis is an integral part of the decision-making analysis and cannot be separated in time, space or organisationally from the decision-making process in general. Defining the scenario to analyse, including the time span, is a central task in risk analysis and will affect every aspect of the risk estimation. Therefore, the principles for scenario definition must be communicated and continuously updated throughout the organisation. Handling the uncertainties throughout the process is also important, especially if the aim is a resilient military system.
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