| 1. |
- Backman, Jyri, 1968-
(författare)
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I skuggan av NHL : en organisationsstudie av svensk och finsk elitishockey
- 2012
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Licentiatavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- I denna licentiatuppsats har svenska elitseriens respektive finska SM-liigas seriemodeller analyserats i ljuset av NHL:s dominans över den globala ishockeyn. Bakgrunden till problemområdet är att företrädarna för svensk respektive finsk elitishockey implementerat olikartade organisatoriska lösningar, trots att de utvecklats i kontexter med likartade sportmodeller och samhällsvillkor. Metodologiskt bygger denna licentiatuppsats på komparativa studier. Som grund för min analys har jag använt mig av dokumentanalys med inslag av rättsdogmatik. Den teoretiska ramen har utgjorts av historikern Martin Alms amerikaniseringsbegrepp samt juristen och forskaren Lars Halgreens analys om amerikaniseringen av europeisk sport. Följande frågeställningar har analyserats: Hur har elitserien respektive SM-liiga utvecklats i relation till den amerikanska respektive europeiska sportmodellen, sedan 1970-talets mitt? Vilka kännetecken kan fastställas för de respektive organisationsmodellerna? På vilka sätt skiljer respektive liknar de varandra samt vilka förutsättningar för parallellverkan kan urskiljas, dels generellt och dels specifikt i en ishockeykontext? Vilka tendenser och inslag kan skönjas i elitserien respektive SM-liiga av det faktum att ishockeyn genom åren både sportsligt och kommersiellt dominerats av NHL? Min studie visar att ishockeysporten är en spjutspets i amerikaniseringen och kommersialiseringen av nordisk sport samt att ishockeyns kommersialisering och professionalisering i någon form leder till en amerikanisering. Studien visar att företrädarna för den finska elitishockeyn haft stor autonomi präglat av förbundssplitting, vilket har sin förklaring i Finlands 1900-talshistoria. Denna självständighet har utgjort grund för den finska elitishockeyns snabba och häftiga utveckling efter andra världskriget. I jämförelse är Sverige präglat av konsensusorientering med Sveriges Riksidrottsförbund som centraladministration och paraplyorganisation för hela den svenska idrotten, även om Svenska Hockeyligan Ab på senare år fått allt större roll inom svensk ishockey. En slutsats är att Finlands högsta ishockeyserie kan anses vara en hybrid mellan den amerikanska respektive europeiska sportmodellen. Sveriges högsta ishockeyserie är å andra sidan närmare sammanlänkad med den europeiska sportmodellen, även om det finns stora kommersiella intressen inom svensk elitishockey.
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| 2. |
- Bäckström, Lars
(författare)
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Rätten till mineral : en studie om befogenheter och legala inskränkningar i äganderätten till fastighetens beståndsdelar
- 2012
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Licentiatavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Since long, Swedish land owners has been forced to accept that their land is claimed for mining activities. The utilization has taken place in accordance with different laws and legal rules. Also the current Minerals Act expresses a right for third parties to assimilate minerals from other people's property. The question of who owns the mineral prior the utilization is however not answered by the Minerals Act or by any other statute. In addition to being principally interesting, the ownership issue is also of practical importance, for instance regarding the right to exploit minerals covered by the Minerals Act for household use, or the right to exploit unregulated mineral as well as in future assessments regarding e.g. mineral compensation. In addition to the principal question of ownership, the Minerals Act also gives rise to a number of other issues that affect the land owner's right in relation to the extraction of minerals on the property. The main purpose of this study has thus been to identify who, if any, can be regarded as the principal owner of the elements of earth that contains minerals under Swedish law. To do this it has been necessary to define the concept of ownership in the property context. Furthermore, the study also contains an investigation regarding whether the minerals in the earth is to be considered a part of the property, and if the property ownership entails a principal right (power) for the owner to utilize minerals that may exist underground. The right with which third parties can reside on private land and there perform the preliminary studies that may be required to obtain exploration permit is also examined, as well as the conditions for – and the powers that comes with – permit and concession in accordance with the Minerals Act. The results of the study confirm that the ownership of property in Sweden is negatively determined and that all powers relating to the property therefore is due to the owner, unless law, custom, tradition or other source of law states otherwise. The results of the study also indicate that the mineral in the ground are to be considered a part of the property; the landowner is therefore in principle its owner and the function of the Minerals Act is that of a legal constraint. It is also concluded that it is possible to perform a large part of the necessary preliminary investigations with support of the Right of Common (Swe: Allemansrätten).
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| 3. |
- Ewing, Thomas, 1958
(författare)
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Indirect Exploitation of Intellectual Property Rights By Corporations and Investors: IP Privateering & Modern Letters of Marque & Reprisal
- 2011
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Licentiatavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Competitive pressures and rent-seeking behaviors have motivated companies and investors to develop indirect techniques for beneficially exploiting third-party intellectual property rights (IPRs) that qualitatively depart from the slate of direct exploitation tools whose usage has been honed during the past 30 years of the pro-patent era. Companies have increasingly realized that they do not need to create IPRs themselves to exploit them beneficially, which has been the conventional usage pattern. Among other things, because of a growing IPR market, companies can exploit IPRs beyond those arising from their own research and development (R&D) activities; they can simply purchase IPRs previously obtained by others. Similarly, a company defending itself in an IPR litigation may bring counterclaims against the plaintiff using not only its own IPRs but also market-acquired IPRs. These third-party purchases can be very helpful when the company holds no pertinent IPRs of its own. In a further development to this indirection trend, which is the subject of this thesis, companies have further realized that not only do they not need to create IPRs in order to exploit them beneficially, companies have also realized that they do not even need to own IPRs in order to consequently benefit from their exploitation by others. This phenomenon is labeled here as “IP privateering” because of its similarities to a method of waging war on the high seas that was banned by international treaty some 150 years ago.This thesis comprises a descriptive portion followed by a normative portion. After recounting the increasing IPR competition and rent seeking of the past 30 years, the descriptive portion identifies IP privateering as a strategy among the set of IPR litigations and licensing assertions. This behavior is classified as a specie of aggressive non-practicing entities (NPEs), with the distinction being that an aggressive NPE has no sponsor and is solely motivated by maximizing revenue from IPR assertions while an IP privateer has a sponsor who seeks consequential benefits from IPR assertions against specific target companies. The parameters of this newly identified strategy are probed using a variety of methods. Because of the sponsor’s needs to keep this strategy secret, the strategy has likely spread slowly among a small set of operating companies. The apparent evolution of this indirect IPR exploitation strategy is traced among these companies. Techniques for uncovering hidden information about NPEs are discussed and employed as tools for locating IP privateering cases among the aggressive NPEs. The limitations of this method for discovering sponsors are discussed. Electronic detection of indirect IPR exploitation is also discussed along with some highly granular results. Possibilities for future methodological developments are discussed, and it is also noted that specific government agencies, such as the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) and the Antitrust Division of the US Department of Justice (DOJ), have at their disposal tools that are not available to the academic community that could be used to gauge the breadth and depth of IP privateering, especially among the population of investors, and for curtailing the behavior where it is clearly illegal. A typology for IP privateering is provided that identifies the key variables associated with this strategy. Examples of privateering, both actual and hypothetical are also discussed. The identified privateering scenarios, while small in number, have amounted to well over $3 billion USD in rent collections and have possibly saved sponsoring companies an order of magnitude more in avoided revenue losses. Limitations on the strategy are explored by examining the negative consequences that could arise for the privateering sponsor. The risk of losing business reputation is discussed along with the various counterclaims that a target might potentially bring against a sponsor discovered in litigation. Corporate formalisms and lack of public disclosure regarding corporate ownership and control are discussed as tools that may prohibit targets from even being aware of IP privateering so that they could formulate counterclaims. The descriptive section discusses the infrastructure that supports privateering and concludes with a discussion of how a possible patent oversupply may facilitate this strategy. The normative portion observes that existing law may possibly be used to curtail anticompetitive and market manipulative privateering but further observes that effective curtailment may require the intervention of the SEC as well as the DOJ’s Antitrust Division, as private actors may be unable to defend themselves adequately. A review of those forms of privateering that are not clearly anticompetitive or market manipulative concludes that they will likely continue in the short-to-medium term and may require the intervention of the legislator if their curtailment is desired. The social utility of these legal forms of privateering is examined from various points of view including corporate, SME, investor, and inventor. Further questions are posed regarding IP privateering and aggressive NPEs (observing that both actors are likely supported financially by participants operating in the investment capital market), the need for ownership transparency in the innovation system, and whether the legislator should more explicitly design an innovation system that includes boundaries for various IPR strategies. The thesis concludes with an outline for further analysis and the additional tools that may need to be developed to support further studies.
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| 4. |
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| 5. |
- Holgersson, Marcus, 1983
(författare)
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Intellectual Property Strategies and Innovation: Causes and Consequences for Firms and Nations
- 2011
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Licentiatavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- New and useful ideas and knowledge, commonly denoted innovations after coming into use, are of decisive importance for economic growth and welfare. To promote the generation and diffusion of innovations, most, if not all, industrialized and industrializing societies rely on some form of an intellectual property rights (IPRs) system. As technological diversification, technological convergence, and open innovation become increasingly important, proper management of and strategies for IPRs and intellectual property (IP) becomes ever more central for the competitiveness of firms and nations. The general purpose of this thesis it to explore and explain the causes and consequences of IP strategies and policies at firm, national, and international levels in different industrial contexts with different types and degrees of openness in innovation. With focus on technological innovations and technology-related IP, various methods are employed to fulfill the purpose. The results show that, due to IP policy developments at national and international level, large firms have increasingly developed various IP strategies, especially patent strategies, to appropriate returns from innovations. As an example, large firms were found to in a first step increase their patenting (in terms of quantity), and in a second step focus more on selective and quality-oriented patenting in which the IP-related work is also internationalized. This internationalization of IP heavily impacts the patent offices and IP policies, especially in small countries where the national patenting tend to decrease as a result. Small firms on the other hand cannot gain the same benefits as large firms from an IPR system, especially from the patent system as currently designed, since they do not have enough resources for monitoring and enforcing their rights, which in turn limits the protective function of patents. Instead, small firms use patents to attract customers and investors. Patents then provide a governance mechanism for early stage financing of innovations. A new measure based on statistics at the national level indicates that the preferred markets for patenting from firms and inventors in various countries become increasingly similar. In addition, there is a convergence of national legal IPR systems around the world. Developing and industrializing nations in this convergence process typically switch from a weak to a strong IP regime in their national innovation systems, at a point in time when the mainly innovative benefits of a strong regime outweigh the mainly imitative benefits of a weak regime for the nation and its firms. A similar switch from a weak to a strong IP regime can be seen in various innovation systems, e.g. in mobile telecommunications. The openness of innovation in such a corporate innovation system is closely related to the IP strategies of the involved firms, and the results show that the openness in a system is directly and strongly affected by changes in the IP strategies of its firms.The thesis shows the importance of the interaction between IP strategies of large and small firms, between different large and small nations’ IP policies, and between IP strategies of firms and IP policies of nations. Such interactions are essential to consider for future research, as are the roles of IPRs and IP management in innovation systems with various degrees of openness.
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| 6. |
- Burmeister, Jari
(författare)
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Verklig innebörd : En studie av inkomstskattepraxis
- 2012
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Licentiatavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- When transactions are complicated or are carried out for the purposes of tax planning, the need to determine whether they have been correctly characterised may arise in some situations. The general position is that however transactions have been classified, taxation should be based on their “true import”.One overall conclusion is that in addition to classification in accordance with the norms of private law, the true import of transactions may also be determined in accordance with specific tax law provisions or normative tax law principles. The support for a tax charge varies depending on the norm type, as do the methods of interpretation. The thesis presents the methodological principles on which determination of true import should be based. It has proved essential to examine possible lex lata conclusions regarding the scope of the different norm types, particularly bearing in mind rule of law considerations.The material examined largely comprises income tax case law on taxation based on the true import of transactions. Much of the work has consisted of systemising this case law. Analyses are made and conclusions drawn as to how the Supreme Administrative Court determines the true import of transactions in general, and in particular as regards “composite” chains of transactions.The methodological principles on which determination of true import should be based and the conclusions as to how the Supreme Administrative Court determines the true import of transactions are applied to a specifically selected chain of events.In addition, an examination is made and conclusions drawn as to whether there is support for a substance-over-form approach in Swedish tax law, or whether private law sets the precedent for tax law, whether the taxpayer’s desire to achieve tax advantages should be taken into account, the importance of the economic effect when determining the true import of transactions, and whether assessments can be made both to the advantage of taxpayers and to their detriment.
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| 7. |
- Epstein, Yaffa
(författare)
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Governing Ecologies : Species Protection in Overlapping and Contiguous Legal Regimes
- 2013
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Licentiatavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The Directive on the conservation of natural habitats and of wild fauna and flora (Habitats Directive) aims to protect biodiversity in the European Union. It does so within a complex ecology of legal regimes for environmental protection at the international, EU, national, and regional levels. As the EU has continued to expand its competence, and the role of EU law for environmental protection continues to develop within the member states, it is important to examine the effect that EU law is having on biodiversity horizontally between states for the protection of transboundary populations, and the effect it has vertically as it interacts with international and national law.This collection is a licentiate thesis consisting of four articles addressing the challenge of protecting species populations across legal jurisdictions. Its central aim is to examine how interactions and shifting centers of authority between different legal species protection regimes impact species protection. These legal systems may be contiguous, such as in the case of neighboring countries, or overlapping, such as in the case of EU and national law. Four sub-questions develop the analysis, each the central investigation of an article. The first article asks how EU law, and international law, affects the protection of transboundary populations of protected species in Sweden, Finland, and Norway. The second narrows in on a single concrete example in a member state, analyzing how EU law has affected the evolution of species protection in Sweden. The third lifts the analysis out of the Nordic context to examine more closely how the cooperation and tension between international and EU species protection law help or hinder the policy objectives of both. The fourth widens the scope further still, using a comparison with species protection in the United States to query how the division of responsibility for species protection between the federal or union level and the state or member state level affects protection.Human laws manage the natural world, as best they can. But the resultant tangle of overlapping jurisdictions of laws and rules and management strategies becomes its own ecology to be explored, mapped and ordered. The title, “Governing Ecologies”, refers to this investigation of the governing of ecology and the ecology of governing.
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| 8. |
- Forssén, Björn
(författare)
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Skattskyldighet för mervärdesskatt : en analys av 4 kap, 1§ mervärdesskattelagen
- 2011
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Licentiatavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Företagare eller konsument? Det är den frågeställning som utgör huvudfrågan i denna bok. I första hand behandlas huvudregeln för bestämningen av skattesubjektet enligt mervärdesskattelagen (1994:200). Analysen gäller huruvida den bestämningen är EU-konform. Problemet som föreligger därvidlag är att mervärdesskattelagen och huvudregeln, 4 kap. 1 §, hänvisar för bestämningen av yrkesmässig verksamhet till begreppet näringsverksamhet i inkomstskattelagen (1999:1229). Är det förenligt med innehållet i huvudregeln i mervärdesskattedirektivet (2006/112/EG) för bestämningen av beskattningsbar person, artikel 9.1 första stycket? Inom ramen för denna huvudfråga förekommer två underfrågor angående begreppet verksamhet och angående eventuell påverkan för huvudfrågan från regler om bestämningen av skatteobjektet.Två bifrågor berörs också, vilka sätter huvudfrågan i ett bredare perspektiv, nämligen beträffande begreppet skattskyldighet. Yrkesmässig verksamhet korresponderar med mervärdesskattedirektivets beskattningsbar person, medan skattskyldighet förutsätter att det har konstaterats att skattepliktiga transaktioner företagits. De båda bifrågorna behandlar frågeställningarna huruvida det är EU-konformt att skattskyldighet används i mervärdesskattelagen för bestämningen av uppkomsten av avdragsrätt för ingående moms och för bestämningen av skyldigheten att momsregistrera sig, medan mervärdesskattedirektivet i dessa hänseenden använder beskattningsbar person i huvudregeln för avdragsrättens uppkomst och räckvidd, artikel 168 a), och i artiklarna 213-216 angående registrering i stället för betalningsskyldighet (vilket skulle utgöra motsvarigheten till skattskyldighet). Den senare av de båda bifrågorna undersöks i första hand avseende kontrollproblem orsakade av att det svenska skattesystemet använder det allmänna skatteregistret eller momsregistret för beskattningsbara personer, beroende på om deras transaktioner är beskattningsbara eller inte mervärdesskatterättsligt sett.Författaren är advokat och boken är en akademisk avhandling för erhållande av juris licentiatexamen vid Örebro universitet.
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| 9. |
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| 10. |
- Weber, Nina
(författare)
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Regulating energy use in existing buildings - two models for legal implementation of energy use reduction measures
- 2012
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Licentiatavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This thesis investigates how regulatory instruments, and specifically requirements rules, targeting energy use in existing residential buildings could be made part of the forceful intervention that is required to reduce the use of energy in existing residential buildings. Two approaches to the design of requirement rules are analyzed: a detail-steering approach and a target-oriented approach. The two approaches highlight different ways of approaching the issue of energy use in buildings and they are feasible for highlighting potential implications of different ways of steering.
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