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- Rickels, Wilfried, et al.
(författare)
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The future of (negative) emissions trading in the European Union
- 2020
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Under the European Union Emissions Trading System (EU ETS), operators must surrender allowances corresponding to the emissions of greenhouse gases (GHG) from their installations. The supply of allowances in the EU ETS decreases linearly and, all else equal, is expected to end around 2057. An earlier cut-off date is likely to follow from the European Council’s recent decision that the EU should reach net-zero GHG emissions by 2050. Scenarios published by the European Commission even anticipate a net-negative cap in the EU ETS from 2045 onwards, generated through carbon dioxide (CO2) removals. Upholding emissions trading, in the long run, therefore entails significant use of credits resulting from atmospheric CO2 removal activities. However, in its current form, the ETS Directive does not contain any legal basis for generating CO2 removal credits. Integrating CO2 removal into the EU ETS would, thus, require fundamental amendments of the ETS Directive, waiving the currently mandatory association binding emitting activities to the adoption of emission abatement technologies. The next policy window for such amendments will open in 2021, following the decision on a more ambitious EU 2030 emission reduction target. This conceptual paper explores various design options for integrating negative emissions technologies (NETs) into the EU ETS. We discuss their potential implications for emissions trading at large and address the specificity of bioenergy with carbon capture and storage (BECCS): repealing the provision that installations exclusively using biomass are not covered by the ETS Directive, BE(CCS) installations could in principle fall within the scope of the ETS Directive. Theoretically, it would be possible to consider free allocation of biogenic credits to BE(CCS) installations. Bioenergy operators could avoid having to surrender these biogenic allowances through the use of CCS and instead sell them on the EU ETS market, having implicitly received credits for the removal of CO2 from the atmosphere.
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- Robinson, Yohan, 1977, et al.
(författare)
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AI och framtidens försvarsmedicin
- 2020
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Medicinskt legitimerad personal är, och kommer med stor sannolikhet fortsattatt vara, en knapp resurs inom Försvarsmaktens sjukvårdsorganisation. I denna rapport ges en översikt över pågående och planerade ansatser baserade påartificiell intelligens (AI) inom akutsjukvård med särskild tonvikt på omhändertagandet av traumapatienter, där lösningarna skulle kunna bidra till att Försvarsmakten kan bibehålla sin sjukvårdskapacitet i kritiska lägen. Rapporten är ett resultat av samarbetet mellan FM, FOI, FMV, FHS och KI, och vänder sig i första hand till Försvarsmaktens strategiska ledning.Användningen av AI-teknik i framtida beslutsstöd kan skapa nya möjligheter till avlastning av personal och resurseffektivisering. Tekniken ger möjligheter att i realtid samla in, bearbeta och analysera stora mängder blandadinformation om förbands hälsoläge och fysiska stridsvärde. Bedömning av skadade kan t.ex. göras av triagedrönare och den efterföljande evakueringen kanunderlättas av intelligenta autonoma plattformar. Införandet av AI-system ställer dock vårdgivaren inför svåra etiska och medikolegala överväganden.Försvarsmedicin har en central roll i Försvarsmaktens krigföringsförmåga och för samhällets uthållighet. För att nyttja hela AI-teknikens framfart till Försvarsmaktens nytta måste dess innebörd och konsekvens för försvarsmedicinen förstås. Därför rekommenderar denna studie att Försvarsmaktens framtida satsningar inom AI och autonomi inkluderar den försvarsmedicinska teknikutveckling som är beskriven i denna rapport.
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- Hettne, Jörgen
(författare)
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EU-rätt som inte kommer från EU – om svensk överanpassning till EU:s regler : Bakgrundsrapport till Jämlikhetskommissionen
- 2020. - 07
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- EU-rätten har på flera områden lett till förändringar av den svenska lagstiftningen, men samtidigt ger EU-rätten stort och outnyttjat handlingsutrymme för de enskilda nationerna. Exempel på sådana utrymmen är bostadspolitiken och regelverket för offentlig upphandling. Ett klarläggande av vilket handlingsutrymme som faktiskt föreligger är av stor betydelse för analysen av vilket utrymme som finns att öka den ekonomiska jämlikheten i Sverige.
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- Hettne, Jörgen
(författare)
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European industrial policy and state aid – a competence mismatch?
- 2020
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The European Union (EU) has been entrusted with rather weak powers as regards industrial policy. On top of this, its Member States are prevented from pursuing a national industrial policy with monetary elements as this may distort competition within the EU internal market. At the same time, European companies compete in the global market with state-supported companies from other economically strong regions of the world, including China, Japan and the US. The EU’s current successful internal market paradigm, with its state aid prohibition, could therefore become an obstacle internationally. This analysis argues that the EU presently suffers from a competence mismatch – the absence of a coherent European industrial policy – which risks making European companies weak globally. The EU would benefit from an industrial policy which is adaptive to geopolitical changes in the world, such as the Chinese Belt and Road Initiative and the present US mercantilist approach to trade policy as well as Brexit. A more aggressive European industrial policy might be needed at times when the rule-based international trade system is not working. If there is no global level playing field, trade strategies have to adapt to new realities.
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- Michanek, Gabriel, 1951-, et al.
(författare)
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Landskapsplanering av skog – för biologisk mångfald och ett varierat skogsbruk
- 2020
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The research program has investigated questions about landscape planning of forests to promote biodiversity and varied forestry. An overall conclusion is that landscape planning promotes the achievement of the Swedish Parliament’s environmental objective “Living forests”. The programme studied three Swedish forest landscapes. 16 species, listed in the EU nature conservation directives, were used as indicators. Landscape data were collected from landowner forestry planning and from available GIS layers. The Zonation program identified the areas that best matched the species requirements and the areas were then sorted by priority. Subsequently, different forest management options were identified for the respective areas, taking into account habitat connectivity. The example shows how a planning basis can be produced. In order to resolve deficiencies in current forest management, landscape planning should be integrated into the legal system. Judicial landscape planning can serve as a preventive model, which the European Commission has recommended in order to overcome conflicts between species protection and forestry as well as to improve predictability. The National Forest Management Act (NFMA) in the United States shows how issues of adaptability, knowledge base and participation in such planning can be addressed. The NFMA may in several aspects serve as a guide in a Swedish legislative work with landscape planning. Legally binding plans, with restrictions on land use, will entitle forest owners the right to compensation, under certain preconditions. It is possible to support a landscape plan through a fund where forest owners pay a certain fee, and where the funds are used to compensate forest owners who take greater responsibility for conservation. The greater the area of the plan and the fund, the easier it can be to create such horizontal justice. A simulation of the financial effects of a fee-fund system in three forest landscape areas shows that a fee-fund system generally has relatively good opportunities to function as a self-financed policy alternative. However, self-financing is not an end in itself, but a matter of vertical justice. A survey of private forest owners revealed a group (about 70%) who is totally against all restrictions on their current freedom, and to recurring key biotope inventories. The second group (approx. 30%) is more positive towards increased government intervention, especially if decisions are taken in consultation with the forest owners. This group is also positive for recurring key biotope inventories. The survey indicates the importance of forest owners’ participation in the landscape planning.
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