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- Ljung Aust, Mikael, 1973
(author)
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Developing Theoretical and Empirical Definitions of Safety Problems in Driving Suitable for Active Safety Function Evaluation
- 2009
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Licentiate thesis (other academic/artistic)abstract
- In passive safety, the requirement specifications used for evaluation of protective functions are both standardised and specified at a high level of detail regarding evaluation scenario definition, performance metrics and pass/fail criteria. For active safety, while several propositions for evaluation scenarios have been made, neither these, nor performance metrics and pass/fail criteria have yet reached a similar level of detail and standardisation. The objective of this thesis is to address two underlying reasons for this difference. One is theoretical in nature. On a general level, a set of principles and concepts which capture the fundamental ideas of a field of science can be called a conceptual framework. For active safety function evaluation, such a framework is currently lacking. To address this issue, a conceptual framework called Situational control was developed. The framework integrates fundamental ideas relevant for active safety function evaluation into a holistic and practically applicable picture. Its applicability was demonstrated by applying it in the context of writing and implementing requirement specifications for active safety function evaluation.The second reason is of empirical character. To evaluate the extent to which active safety functions prevent and/or mitigate crashes, it is essential to characterize the sequence of events which leads to collisions in a way which includes information on causal factors. To do this, data from official databases (macroscopic data), and in-depth case studies is often used. Macroscopic data is usually statistically representative but has limited information on why crashes happen, while the opposite is true of case studies. Using the two in combination would therefore seem ideal. However, the principles for connecting them are far from clear and current approaches suffer inherent weaknesses. To address this issue, a generalization methodology which links information in case studies to macroscopic crash types, in a way which covers not only context but also causation similarity, was developed. The feasibility of the methodology was tested through application on three sets of intersection crash data. Results indicate that the methodology was sufficiently successful to warrant further exploration with larger data sets.
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| 2. |
- Dahl, Mats, et al.
(author)
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The relation between realism in confidence judgements and the phenomenological quality of recognition memory when using emotionally valenced pictures
- 2006
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In: Applied Cognitive Psychology. - : John Wiley and Sons Ltd. - 0888-4080 .- 1099-0720. ; 20:6, s. 791-806
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The aim of the study was to investigate the relation between the phenomenological quality of memory (Tulving, 1985) and the realism (validity) in confidence judgement when using emotional pictures (I.A.P.S; Lang, Ohman, & Vaitl, 1988). A series of three experiments was completed where the participants judged the phenomenological quality of their memory and/or their confidence. The results showed facilitation for the negative pictures in a matrix search task in the encoding phase, where negative pictures were more easily and quickly detected, compared to positive ones. In the memory phase of the experiments a higher degree of recollective experience (a larger proportion of 'remember' responses) was found for negative pictures. A higher level of confidence for recognition of negative pictures than for positive ones was obtained, but no general valence dependent effect on the realism in the confidence judgement was found. However, when analysing only the remember responses, negative pictures showed higher overconfidence than the positive pictures. The results support that a recollective experience induces higher confidence and overconfidence.
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| 3. |
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| 4. |
- Häkkänen, Helinä, et al.
(author)
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Police officers’ views of effective interview tactics: The effects of weight of case evidence and discomfort with ambiguity
- 2009
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In: Applied Cognitive Psychology. ; 23, s. 468-481
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- This study examined the effects of case-specific facts and individual discomfort with ambiguity (DA) on investigators’ beliefs concerning effective interviewing tactics for suspects. Violent crime investigators (n = 30) responded to a questionnaire including the Need for Closure Scale (NFCS) and ratings of the importance of 39 interrogation tactics in two hypothetical interrogations with a homicide suspect, where the evidence consisted of either technical evidence or soft information. Twenty tactics were analysed with a multidimensional scaling procedure which confirmed two discrete interviewing themes: humane and dominant. More tactics, both dominant and humane, were rated as important if the evidence was soft compared with technical. In the soft evidence condition, investigators who were high on DA rated both types of tactics as more important than did low-DA investigators. In the technical evidence condition, no such difference emerged.
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| 6. |
- Allwood, Carl Martin, et al.
(author)
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Actor-Observer differences in realism in confidence and frequency judgments
- 2004
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In: Acta Psychologica. - : Elsevier. - 0001-6918 .- 1873-6297. ; 117:3, s. 251-274
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Taking a social psychological approach to metacognitive judgments, this study analyzed the difference in realism (validity) in confidence and frequency judgments (i.e., estimates of overall accuracy) between one’s own and another person’s answers to general knowledge questions. Experiment 1 showed that when judging their own answers, compared with another’s answers, the participants exhibited higher overconfidence, better ability to discriminate correct from incorrect answers, lower accuracy, and lower confidence. However, the overconfidence effect could be attributable to the lowest level of confidence. Furthermore, when heeding additional information about another’s answers the participants showed higher confidence and better discrimination ability. The overconfidence effect of Experiment 1 was not found in Experiment 2. However, the results of Experiment 2 were consistent with Experiment 1 in terms of discrimination ability, confidence, and accuracy. Finally, in both experiments the participants gave lower frequency judgments of their own overall accuracy compared with their frequency judgments of another person’s overall accuracy.
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| 7. |
- Allwood, Carl Martin, et al.
(author)
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Increased realism in eyewitness confidence judgments : The effect of dyadic collaboration
- 2003
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In: Applied Cognitive Psychology. - 0888-4080 .- 1099-0720. ; 17:5, s. 545-561
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- This study investigated to what extent, and under what circumstances, pair collaboration influences the realism in eyewitness confidence in event memory. The participants first saw a short film clip and then confidence rated their answers to questions on its content. A condition (the Individual–Pair condition) where individual effort preceded pair collaboration showed better calibration compared with a condition (the Simple Pair condition) where no individual effort took place. Furthermore, within the Individual–Pair condition, better calibration, and lower overconfidence, were found in the pair phase compared with the individual phase. The eyewitnesses in the Individual–Pair condition made more realistic judgements of the total number of questions answered correctly. In a control experiment no effect on realism in confidence was found when individuals performed the same task twice. The improved realism in the Individual–Pair condition may partly be explained in terms of the increased accuracy and lowered confidence found for such items where the pair members’ had given different answers in the individual phase, and by a risky shift effect for such items where they had given the same answer.
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| 8. |
- Jensen, Mikael, 1969
(author)
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Hjärnan lär sig att sluta härmas
- 2009
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In: Forskning och Framsteg. - : Stiftelsen Forskning och Framsteg. - 0015-7937. ; 44:7, s. 18-21
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Journal article (other academic/artistic)abstract
- Människans tanke- och handlingsförmåga är unik. Men det är också hennes förmåga att avstå från vissa tankar och handlingar.
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| 9. |
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| 10. |
- Hassing, Linda, 1967, et al.
(author)
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Åldrande och kognition
- 2005
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In: Nordisk Psykologi. ; 57, s. 4-20
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Research review (peer-reviewed)abstract
- This article provides an overview of cognitive aging research with focus on normal aging. Results from longitudinal studies have revealed that cognitive abilities are more stable than early findings from cross-sectional studies indicated. It is also clear that crystallized abilities, such as knowledge, vocabulary, and verbal abilities are mostly stable or even may show an improvement across the adult life-span, whereas fluid abilities such as speed, executive function, working memory, and episodic memory are negatively affected in aging. Although fluid cognitive abilities tend to decline with age crystallized abilities can provide cognitive support and in this respect compensate deficits in everyday problem solving. Much research has been conducted in the last decades to identify factors that contribute to cognitive aging. It is well established that genetic, health-related (e.g., hypertension, diabetes, homocysteine, and vitamin status), as well as lifestyle factors (e.g., education, substance use, physical- and social activities) are of importance for cognitive functioning. Some of the age-related variation in cognitive performance is also mediated by changes in other cognitive processes such as speed. There is, however, still age-related variation that has not been accounted for which emphasize the need for further research and suggest that multiple aging processes affect our central nervous system and thereby various mechanisms involved in cognitive functioning.
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