| 1. |
- Abrahamsson, Bengt
(författare)
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Det gick som det gick. Om inre logik, särskilt i organisationer
- 1994
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Ingår i: Sociologisk forskning. - : Sveriges Sociologförbund. - 0038-0342 .- 2002-066X. ; 31:3, s. 3-22
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Whatever happened, happened. Some notes on inner logic, especially in organizationsThe notion that social events partly arise as a consequence of inner logic, i.e. that patterns and structures emerge outside of, or even in opposition against, plans and goals is a common element in social science. Inner logic is a summary term for social processes developing autonomously, i.e. without any individual or group intending them. Organizations quite often contain inner-logic processes. If, as this author maintains, fruitful organization theory has to build on rationalistic assumptions, how then do we handle instances of inner logic? A first step may be to break up the traditional link between structuralism and functionalism, maintaining the former and rejecting the latter. Organizations are intentionally dynamic, i.e. depend on order and predictability. To the extent that inner-logic processes appear in organizations, they should be analysed as confrontations between opposing rationalities rather than as spontaneous reactions of a ”system” . Also, frequently recurring organizational forms such as hierarchy are more fruitfully regarded as e.g. transaction-cost outcomes rather than as functional responses to system needs. Rationalism and structuralism are compatible, rationalism and functionalism are not.
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| 2. |
- Agevall, Ola
(författare)
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Weber, kausaliteten och oändligheten
- 1994
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Ingår i: Sociologisk forskning. - : Sveriges Sociologförbund. - 0038-0342 .- 2002-066X. ; 31:3, s. 57-78
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Weber, causality and infinityWhile it is widely acknowledged that Max Weber was a neo-kantian of some sort, comparatively little has been done to trace down how this affects other parts of his work. This article argues that Weber’s theory of causality can be viewed as an answer to problems evolving from his neo-kantian framework. The aim of the article becomes twofold. First, to give an exposition of Weber’s theory of causality, and second to use this piece of theory as an example of how parts of Weber’s methodology are designed to solve problems posed by the neo-kantian framework. The neo-kantian framework referred to can be summarized in the theses that (I) reality offers an infinite plenitude, and (II) that there is nothing in reality itself that can present us with its interpretation. Taken together, these theses result in the necessity for the subject to make a selection from the infinite reality. These theses are applied to the problem of selecting causes from the infinite causal chain. In order to solve this problem, Weber takes recourse to the adequate cause theory, a variant of jurisprudential theory founded by Johannes von Kries. The last part of the article gives an exposition of some of the basic characteristics and consequences of adequate cause theory.
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| 3. |
- Ahrne, Göran
(författare)
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Delvis människa, delvis organisation
- 1993
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Ingår i: Sociologisk forskning. - : Sveriges Sociologförbund. - 0038-0342 .- 2002-066X. ; 30:1, s. 59-78
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Partly human, partly organizationIn this article the phenomenon of organization is discussed and its consequences for the understanding of human actions and human choices are examined. Affiliation to organizations are found to be both restrictions on and preconditions for most human action. In this connection families are regarded as organizations as well as enterprises, voluntary associations and states. Human action is primarily action on behalf of organizations where individuals are partly human, partly organization. To understand the meaning of action on behalf of organization it is important to realize that people rarely choose their organizational affiliation. People are selected. This means that actions on behalf of organizations cannot be regarded as expressions of individual choices. Actions on behalf of organizations are generally characterized by a dual involvement.
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| 4. |
- Ahrne, Göran
(författare)
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Organiseringen av det civila samhället
- 1994
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Ingår i: Sociologisk forskning. - : Sveriges Sociologförbund. - 0038-0342 .- 2002-066X. ; 31:2, s. 38-45
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Tidskriftsartikel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The organization of civil societyThe three societal spheres state, market and civil society are compared from an organizational perspective. A state is a certain kind of organization with compulsory affiliation. The state is an empirical category that is fairly easy to describe. A market is made up of the interaction of several organizations in exchange. Most actors on a market are people acting on behalf of organizations. Also states are present in markets buying arms for example, or as employers on the labour market. There are several kinds of organization mentioned in connection with civil society such as voluntary associations, social movements and networks. It is concluded that the organizations of civil society are not very persistent. Moreover the notion of civil society is not more incompatible with the state than with other organizational arrangements. As a conclusion it is argued that it is more relevant to understand social processes in terms of types of organization that in terms of states, markets and civil society.
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| 5. |
- Berggren, Christian, et al.
(författare)
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Pyramider eller horisontella nät? Kreativitet, kompetensutveckling och prestationskrav i olika slags industriella produktionssystem
- 1993
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Ingår i: Sociologisk forskning. - : Sveriges Sociologförbund. - 0038-0342 .- 2002-066X. ; 30:3, s. 30-46
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Pyramids or horisontal nets? Creativity, competence and performance in different types of production systemsIn recent years, we have witnessed a marked increase in the international interest in industrial networks and in relations between manufacturers and suppliers. An important reason for this is the expansion of the Japanese automobile industry. This industry is organized into a huge structure of subcontractors, vertically related and dominated by demanding large-scale enterprises. An entirely different pattern can be found, especially in northern Italy, but also in southern Germany and in Denmark, where enterprises form horisontal networks. In these geographically dense areas, small and medium-sized firms both cooperate and compete intensely. The respective roles of suppliers and manufacturer are diffuse, social mobility is high and the development of new products rapid. Swedish research on working life has tended to focus on processes within firms and public administration. Industrial structure has largely been accepted as given, while its effects on competence and performance has been neglected areas of research. In this article a research project is presented, which aims at investigating the effects of industrial structure on the developmental potential of, and work conditions in, firms. Our intention is to study vertical pyramids, especially in the automobile industry, and horisontal networks in, for instance, the sailing-boat industry. A central problem concern the effects of different types of industry on creativity and scope for action in small and medium-sized companies.
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| 6. |
- Björnberg, Ulla
(författare)
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Familj mellan marknad och stat/politik. En fråga om kön, klass och makt
- 1994
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Ingår i: Sociologisk forskning. - : Sveriges Sociologförbund. - 0038-0342 .- 2002-066X. ; 31:2, s. 26-37
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The family between market and state. A question of gender, class an powerWith reference to the far-reaching social and economic changes from a global perspective, the focus of the political discussions is now laid on the conditions of family life. The family is a third sphere between the market and the state. As such, it cannot be analysed independently of changes on the labour market and in the political economy. In this article, the thesis is advanced that the family policies must be analysed with reference to class and gender. The way in which changes in the composition of classes affect the current political process in Sweden is problematised. The significance of analysing the class relation of the service society from a gender perspective is particularly stressed. Sweden is currently a gender segregated class society. The higher classes are male dominated, and the lower classes are female dominated. A gender-based ’class struggle’ has emerged within strata. The solidarity within and between strata is weakened, since the struggle is also a gender struggle, and men tend to emphasise their higher status against women, not to equalise it. The bill about care allowance is critically scrutinised from class political and gender political perspectives. While presented as an issue of equality between family forms, it is argued, in this article, that its purpose is to strengthen a traditional family form in the working class.
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| 7. |
- Björnberg, Ulla
(författare)
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Familjepolitik i EG-länderna ur ett kvinnoperspektiv
- 1993
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Ingår i: Sociologisk forskning. - : Sveriges Sociologförbund. - 0038-0342 .- 2002-066X. ; 30:3, s. 3-29
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Family policies in the EC-countries from a female perspectiveThe purpose of this article is to problematize the family policies in the EC-countries from a female perspective. The article emphasizes the family policies as motherhood policies in the twelve EC-countries. In my examples, I have focussed particularly on the phase of childbirth and the care for small children in the family cycle. My interest is to analyze the implication of the family policies for women’s life chances, integrity and autonomy. In the article, an overview of the rules that afflict mothers’ possibilities to be employed and attain autonomy is presented. A majority of the EC-countries have introduced separate taxation between spouses with the motivation to stimulate women’s employment. Many rights concerning possibilites to conciliate employment and family have been introduced in the EC-countries during the late 1980’s and the early 1990’s. The rule systems are difficult to grasp and appear to work in the opposite direction in their consequences, which renders comparisons between the countries more difficult. Many questions can be asked concerning the joint effects of the taxation system, allowance regulations and rights concerning possibilities to conciliate employment and family for women in different social strata respectively, and detailed studies of how the rule systems work for these women in different social strata are required. A general conclusion is that mothers are nowadays granted the right to employment and the right to keep it when they have children. Men have almost in all EC-countries received extended possibilities to take leave in connection to their becoming fathers. Simultaneously, married/cohabitant women’s economic dependence on men is asserted/reinforced by tax-systems, allowance regulations and shortages of child care. I also stress the need to study rules within the different social security systems in detail. This becomes particularly relevant when one studies women, since social security systems are based on paid work. Since women have salaried work on odder premises, they run the risk of not qualifying for support or not being insured at all. In the article, I argue the family policies shall be directed more particularly towards theproblems of the women and the children in the families. The gender-neutral perspective that in most cases is pre-dominant is in fact a male perspective. It is chiefly mothers who put the most effort and time into families. It is mothers that de facto have the main responsibility for the children in the family. Therefore it is also essential that the family policies more consciously proceed to strengthen the women’s (and the children’s) position and direct measures towards the problems that mothers have in families.
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| 8. |
- Brante, Thomas
(författare)
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Teori och typologi: Om förhållandet mellan makrosociologi, institutionella sfärer och social handling
- 1994
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Ingår i: Sociologisk forskning. - : Sveriges Sociologförbund. - 0038-0342 .- 2002-066X. ; 31:2, s. 3-25
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Theory and typology. Macrosociology, institutional spheres and social actionThe conceptual triad ’state-market-civil society’ is taken as point of departure for a discussion of the broader issue of the uses of typologies in sociology. It is argued that in order to avoid being subordinated to politically loaded notions pervading public discourse, a genuine sociological typology should meet two demands; its dimensions should be derived from a macro-sociological theory, and it should be underpinned by a micro-sociological theory of action. In this way, a typology will serve as a pipeline between micro and macro theories, and also as a checking point for estimating the coherence between these two levels of analysis. As an illustration, Mary Douglas’ grid-group model is introduced. This typology is derivable from Durkheim’s macro-sociology, but it has a weak microfoundation. Two theories of action are discussed and compared; the theory of rational choice and the theory of interaction rituals. After demonstrating that the theory of rational choice is incommensurable with the ”multi-rational” premises of the grid-group model, itis indicated that an elaboration of the Goffmanian theory of interaction rituals would constitute a viable micro-foundation for the grid-group model. Finally, it is concluded that from the point of view of grid-group, ’civil society’ is a highly ambiguous category that should be replaced by the categories of ’community’ and ’isolate’.
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| 9. |
- Carleheden, Mikael
(författare)
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Alternativ eller rekonstruktion: Om Habermas kritik av Marx
- 1994
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Ingår i: Sociologisk forskning. - : Sveriges Sociologförbund. - 0038-0342 .- 2002-066X. ; 31:3, s. 79-91
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Alternative or Reconstruction? - On Haberm as criticism of MarxShould we understand Habermas’ works in social theory and politics as an alternative to or a reconstruction of Marx? I try in this article to present the possible arguments for both standpoints. It is shown that if we take our point of departure in Habermas’ distinction between ”labour” and ”interaction”, we must treat his writings as an alternative to Marx. If we, however, start out with his distinction between ”life world” and ”system”, then we must understand them as a reconstruction. In the first case it becomes clear that the concepts ”labour” and ”interaction” are opposites and can be used to ground opposite social scientific paradigms, but in the second case it becomes just as clear that Habermas’ criticism of the system’s colonisation of the life world is modelled after Marx’ criticism of political economy. Taken together, Habermas two forms of criticism of Marx leads him to transfer the Marxian form of criticism of modem society from the capitalistic economy to the paternalistic social state. That is, Habermas doesn’t locate reification in the capitalistic mode of production. In society of today reification is the product of the social state.
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| 10. |
- Carlson, Per, et al.
(författare)
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Självmord, mord och kultur. En jämförelse av tio länder i Europa
- 1994
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Ingår i: Sociologisk forskning. - : Sveriges Sociologförbund. - 0038-0342 .- 2002-066X. ; 31:4, s. 78-89
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Suicide, homicide and culture. A comparison of ten european countriesThe present study investigates the way in which the homicide and suicide rates of ten European countries are related to each other. Is there empirical support for a psychoanalytically based hypothesis of a reverse relationship between homicide and suicide? Or are certain cultural values and patterns more important for such links? Rank correlations and regressions of age-standardised suicide and homicide rates, for men and women in the European countries were conducted. Similar analyses in relation to values as defined by World Values Survey were also performed. There was a slight tendency for countries with high homicide rates to have low suicide rates, and vice versa (among men). For women, however, the relationship was found to be positive and stronger throughout. Countries with high female homicide rates often also had high female suicide rates. The cultural values which could be associated most closely with suicide and homicide rates were religiously and sexually coloured moral attitudes. Suicide rates were lower in countries where God plays a greater role in peoples’ consciousness. Countries where attitudes to abortion, euthanasia, divorce etc were negative, usually also had lower suicide rates for both sexes. The relationship between homicide rates and these attitudes was, for men, the opposite. In countries with a strong belief in God and low religious and sexual tolerance the male but not the female risk of being murdered is higher than in countries with a weaker belief in God. The hypothetical relation between homicide and suicide rates, suggested by psychoanalytically inspired theories, seems to be more readily explained by cultural patterns, in particular a complex of attitudes towards religious and sexual matters.
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