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Florin, Christina
(författare)
Kampen om katedern : feminiserings- och professionaliseringsprocessen inom den svenska folkskolans lärarkår 1860-1906
1987
Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt) abstract
The thesis deals with the development of the secondary school teaching professionduring the second half of the 19th century and the early 20th century. The emphasisof the study is on the concurrence of three structural processes in this profession:feminization, professionalization and governmental bureaucratization.The "teachers of the people" found themselves deeply affected by radical economicand social structural changes during the transition from classical industrialcapitalism to organized capitalism at the end of the 19th century. These strucuralchanges aggravated the conflicts between the classes and the sexes in society, andthe elementary school became an important institution for social and ideologicalcontrol. But the teachers were not content to be the mindless instruments of thepredominant ideology. At an early stage the elementary school and the teachersthemselves began to live "a life of their own". Both male and female teachers beganto develop strategies in the struggle for power and control over their profession. Inother words, a process of professionalization began.At the same time as the teachers were organized collectively the women's share ofthe profession increased. The teaching of the lower classes was considered verysuitable for unmarried middle-class women, and the cheap female labour wasattractive to the politicians. There were risks of clashes between male and femaleinterests, since the profession also attracted young men from the farming andworking classes, who saw possibilities of social advancement in this sector of theschool system.The men developed different strategies against their female colleagues. Duringthe whole of the 19th century women were integrated into the professional project.At the turn of the century the men developed a strategy of social closure againstwomen, which meant that these were relegated to a lower level. At the same timethe government introduced regulations which were intended to impede women'sfast access to the profession. This triggered off an open conflict between the sexes inthe profession, since the changes were initiated by male elementary school teacherswho were leaders of the professional program as well as leading politicians in thegovernment and the Riksdag.
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Wetter, Ilse, 1933-
(författare)
Barnet och rätten : en undersökning om barns processrättsliga ställning i omhändertagandemål, vårdnadsmål och verkställandemål. D. 1, Myndigheternas och domstolarnas handläggning m.m.
1986
Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt) abstract
The investigation concerns the legal position of the child in the determination of custody, i.e. the right of parents to decide the child's life-situation; in applications for enforcement, i.e. the manner in which a decision of court concerning custody and access is enforced; and in cases of intervention, i.e. when society intervenes for the protection of the child against parents who fail in their task to such an extent that there is a danger to the health or social development of the child.These three areas of the law have as their centre the fact that a parent has the right of custody of the child, i.e. to have the child with him or her.The investigation is based on a survey of about 3000 cases. This includes matters dealt with by JO, which mainly concern actions taken by non-judicial authorities. These matters throw light on the way the social welfare boards operate, and defects in their mode of operation. The direction of oresent investigation has to a large extent been determined by the cases.It becomes evident from our investigation that there is hardly any possibility for the child to influence hos own life-situation. Children above the age of 15 are guaranteed a hearing and - within the social welfare system - have also a right to bring complaints, but for younger children there is no provision that they be heard in cases concerning them, nor that their wishes should be taken into account. The children are entirely dependent on the assessment done by adults in their environment.
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Olofsson, Eva, 1945-
(författare)
Har kvinnorna en sportslig chans? : den svenska idrottsrörelsen och kvinnorna under 1900-talet
1989
Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt) abstract
This study examines the conditions of womens´s participation in organized sport. The Swedish Sport Confederation and the two associations with the largest number of female members, the Swedish Gymnastics Federation and the Swedish Football Association, have been studied. Gymnastics is a traditional sport for women and is mainly a fitness sport. Soccer is a competitive sport and a new sport for women. The discussions and decisions of the sports associations regarding women and sport have been analyzed through studies of official documents, minutes and debates. An interview study with female leaders in gymnastics and soccer completes the analysis of the documents.Women represent just over a third of the members of the sports movement. Women participate in fewer sports than men. They only dominate in non-competitive and in aesthetic sports. According to this study there is no female sport or womens´sport - apart from gymnastics - only male sport with female participants.The attitude of the sports movement is that women and men are different but the form and rules of competitive sport are based on equality. The social gender system and thus mens´control over womens´ participation in sport is obvious in the sport movement. Three female counterstrategies have been identified: in the beginning of the 20th century female gymnastics coaches developed a form of gymnastics for women based on the ideology of peculiarity; in the 1970s women claimed equality with men for their breakthrough into soccer; in the 1980s women try to combine the ideologies of equality and peculiarity through male sport behaviour and the accentuation of traditional femininity. Womens´subordinate position in the sports movement is reflected in the lower valuation of womens´sport performances. Sport is an essential part of male character building. The motives of health have always been emphasized for women. The official ideology has in recent years passed on to a general accentuation of the aspects of health, which has facilitated womens´participation in sport. This is contradicted by the development of top-level sport and its manifestations in the form of for example drug-taking.
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