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Berglund, Staffan, 1949-
(författare)
Resisting poverty : perspectives on participation and social development. The case of CRIC and the eastern rural region of Cauca in Colombia
1982
Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt) abstract
With the reproduction of severe deprivation among the campesinado in Latin America as a starting-point,the report explores the mechanisms of impoverishment in the eastern rural region of the department of Cauca in Colombia and the forms of resistance initiated by the Regional Indigenous Council of Cauca (CRIC). It is postulated that the continued existence of poverty derives its root-causes not from lacking integration of the traditional sector of the national economy into the modern sector, but from the processes through which the poor indigenous staple-food producer and agricultural worker by way of his actual participation within the capitalistic system is continously deprived of his energy and capacity by the power elite as he himself lacks the means to realize his own developmental power* Sham-participation, refering to the dysfunctionality of systemic participation performed by the poor who lack access to the bases for accumulating social power, is a concept applied to understand these mechanisms. Participation per se does not necessarily correspond to influence and power. Rather, systemic political participation can give legitimacy to the very system and to those structural conditions oppressing the indigenous small-holders and workers and consequently contributes to the consolidation of the transfer-process of power and thereby the reproduction of deprivation. Thus the poor indigenous population in Cauca cannot expect to be given access to the fundaments of social power. Thus the elements of real participation and the conditions for resisting deprivation are less likely to be obtained only through the creation of new institutions and channels for popular participation# In the case of the indigenous movement in Colombia, the problem is rather to revoke the repression of the indigenous organizations which have emerged from below and instead promote their spontaneous mobilization.
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Persson, Leif G. W., 1945-
(författare)
Hidden criminality : theoretical and methodological problems, empirical results
1980
Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt) abstract
The problem of "hidden criminality" - that is, crime which is not known to the police and thus unrecorded - is a classic subject of debate within the field of criminology.Attempts to solve this problem in studies conducted on the individual (offender) level have taken the form of self-report studies, in which a sample of individuals are questioned about crimes they have committed.A survey of the research in this field reveals that this method has a rather limited usefulness, instead, register data is preferable in studies of serious traditional criminality. Such data has been used in studies of the relationship between the actual level of crime in society and the intensity of crime among different groups within the society. According to the results of three such studies, a substantial proportion of all robberies, burglaries, car thefts, etc. are committed by a small group of highly criminalized offenders.Researchers working on the aggregate level have used victim surveys - in which a sample of the population is asked whether they have been victims of various types of crimes - in order to supplement or evaluate crime statistics.The results from such a survey show that crime statistics probably can be used as an indicator of the actual crime development, and that victim surveys can in addition be used to evaluate crime statistics. However, the results also indicate that victim surveys are much less useful in studies of the occurrence and structure of violent crime.With respect to criminal behaviour which is observable under conditions that can be randomized, results from two studies involving the direct observation of traffic crimes reveal that this method offers certain advantages for the estimation of the frequency and structure of actual traffic criminality, and that it also can be used for etiological purposes.
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