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Florin, Christina
(författare)
Kampen om katedern : feminiserings- och professionaliseringsprocessen inom den svenska folkskolans lärarkår 1860-1906
1987
Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt) abstract
The thesis deals with the development of the secondary school teaching professionduring the second half of the 19th century and the early 20th century. The emphasisof the study is on the concurrence of three structural processes in this profession:feminization, professionalization and governmental bureaucratization.The "teachers of the people" found themselves deeply affected by radical economicand social structural changes during the transition from classical industrialcapitalism to organized capitalism at the end of the 19th century. These strucuralchanges aggravated the conflicts between the classes and the sexes in society, andthe elementary school became an important institution for social and ideologicalcontrol. But the teachers were not content to be the mindless instruments of thepredominant ideology. At an early stage the elementary school and the teachersthemselves began to live "a life of their own". Both male and female teachers beganto develop strategies in the struggle for power and control over their profession. Inother words, a process of professionalization began.At the same time as the teachers were organized collectively the women's share ofthe profession increased. The teaching of the lower classes was considered verysuitable for unmarried middle-class women, and the cheap female labour wasattractive to the politicians. There were risks of clashes between male and femaleinterests, since the profession also attracted young men from the farming andworking classes, who saw possibilities of social advancement in this sector of theschool system.The men developed different strategies against their female colleagues. Duringthe whole of the 19th century women were integrated into the professional project.At the turn of the century the men developed a strategy of social closure againstwomen, which meant that these were relegated to a lower level. At the same timethe government introduced regulations which were intended to impede women'sfast access to the profession. This triggered off an open conflict between the sexes inthe profession, since the changes were initiated by male elementary school teacherswho were leaders of the professional program as well as leading politicians in thegovernment and the Riksdag.
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Fredholm, Eva
(författare)
Sin lön värd.
1989
Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)
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Gisselberg, Margareta, 1938-
(författare)
Att stå vid spisen och föda barn : om hushållsarbete som kvinnoarbete
1985
Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt) abstract
This thesis examines the complex problems concerning woman's "hidden labor" in the home and woman's role as "crypto-servant". These expressions illustrate housework as a production alloted no economic value. They also illustrate woman's acceptance of the responsibility of that labor and - more or less unconsciously - a subordinate role,a social position without societal influence.The theoretical points of departure take economical as well as social factors into consideration. The principles of Scientific (Home) Management, Home Economic theories and theories of gender division of labor are presented, and various combinations of principles of rationality - economical/technical,social - and concepts of gender are discussed.Housework - the daily labor with food,cleaning and wash - has changed drastically during the last hundred years. The bourgeois culture has influenced its values and modern industrial society has formed its conditions. The phases in this change are outlined and describe woman's work, from the demanding household production of the late 19:th century, to the elaborate home-making and the professional housewife of the early 20:th century, and the rational and scientific housework of the modern industrial society . The description ends with an empirical study of the conditions of housework and housewifes of today.Women as relatively economically independent individuals are a recent phenomenon. As yet we can see no tangible changes in the gender division of labor. Women still remains with one foot in the household work and this prevents their participation on equal terms in the labor market. This is creating a conflict between the demands of production and the demands of reproduction, a conflict previously shouldered by women alone but now spreading outward, in the home and in the society, as a result of ongoing economic changes.The analysis of values and conditions is based upon a study of relevant literature, parliament protocols,public investigations and official statistics. The conditions of housewifes of today have been studied through surveys and interviews in northern Swedish households from 1976 to 1981.
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