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Höglund, Lars, 1946-, et al.
(författare)
Kommunikation inom vetenskap och teknik
1980
Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt) abstract
The rapid growth of Science and Technology has made the use of scientific information a problem of international concern. To keep abreast of current research the scientist and engineer can use a multitude of information sources. In this study the problem of information use is analysed and a theoretical framework is developed and applied in several case-studies of formal and informal communication. The case-studies include surveys among scientists, engineers and social scientists in different R&D-settings. Information about research is looked upon as a fundamental resource for R&D activities. It is demonstrated that information use and communication behavior are related to research productivity. However the use of both written and oral information sources is limited by barriers related to the individual user, his position in the social structure of the research community and organisation as well as the availability of information resources. In order to improve the use of knowledge it is necessary to integrate the information and documentation functions with the planning and conduct of research. In this context user education and marketing of information resources are important prerequisites. Information search and library use in higher education are analysed and discussed in relation to pedagogical methods and the maintainance of professional competence. Special attention is also given to computerized reference retrieval services and their evaluation.
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Persson, Leif G. W., 1945-
(författare)
Hidden criminality : theoretical and methodological problems, empirical results
1980
Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt) abstract
The problem of "hidden criminality" - that is, crime which is not known to the police and thus unrecorded - is a classic subject of debate within the field of criminology.Attempts to solve this problem in studies conducted on the individual (offender) level have taken the form of self-report studies, in which a sample of individuals are questioned about crimes they have committed.A survey of the research in this field reveals that this method has a rather limited usefulness, instead, register data is preferable in studies of serious traditional criminality. Such data has been used in studies of the relationship between the actual level of crime in society and the intensity of crime among different groups within the society. According to the results of three such studies, a substantial proportion of all robberies, burglaries, car thefts, etc. are committed by a small group of highly criminalized offenders.Researchers working on the aggregate level have used victim surveys - in which a sample of the population is asked whether they have been victims of various types of crimes - in order to supplement or evaluate crime statistics.The results from such a survey show that crime statistics probably can be used as an indicator of the actual crime development, and that victim surveys can in addition be used to evaluate crime statistics. However, the results also indicate that victim surveys are much less useful in studies of the occurrence and structure of violent crime.With respect to criminal behaviour which is observable under conditions that can be randomized, results from two studies involving the direct observation of traffic crimes reveal that this method offers certain advantages for the estimation of the frequency and structure of actual traffic criminality, and that it also can be used for etiological purposes.
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