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Ericsson, Thomas, 1946-
(författare)
Systematisk arbetsvärdering : ett lönesättningsinstrument i närbild
1991
Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt) abstract
The subject of the thesis is systematic job evaluation for purposes of local wage determination for blue-collar jobs within the Swedish industry. The method is examined from a general wage-determination as well as from a gender equality perspective. The thesis is based on e.g. documents from the parties, on interviews with representatives of employers and unions at the central and local level, and on interviews with persons participating in job evaluation work in some companies. An analysis is made of one of the most common job evaluation systems, including the changes it has undergone since the 1950s.The use of a job evaluation system implies that a linkage is made between /certain/job demands and wages. It also means that this linkage is made in a systematic way. Systematics might, in its turn, imply consistency, rigidity and explicity. The thesis examines the significance of a linkage demands-wages and of consistency, rigidity and explicity for the parties' attitudes towards the method; as a purpose or as a means to achieve other goals. It demonstrates that the employers' problems to recruit labour and a desire for an increased wage differentiation has constituted a major reason for using the systems.The job evaluation system examined does not consider, or gives low weight to, certain demands which are common in female-dominated jobs.Various circumstances in the evaluation work process which provide it with scope for consideration are identified. This scope for consideration may disfavour female-dominated jobs. The thesis claims that the scope for consideration yet is less than in an unsystematic overall assessment of différencies in job demands between various jobs.A completed systematic job evaluation offers a basis for speaking of "work of equal value" in the sense of the Swedish Equal Opportunities Act, and forces the employer to explain possible différencies in the terms of employment when the points allotted are equal. It is unclear whether the court has to accept the application of the system made by the parties, or whether it could make its own evaluation with the same system. So far, no case concerning work of equal value has been settled in court.
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Halleröd, Björn, 1960-
(författare)
Den svenska fattigdomen : en studie av fattigdom och socialbidragstagande
1991
Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt) abstract
In the thesis three main questions are analyzed: (a) How should poverty be defined? (b) What are the empirical implications of the choice of definition? (c) Why did the number of people, receiving social assistance increase during the first half of the 1980s?The development of social assistance in Sweden during the twentieth century and some of the more important studies of social assistance in Sweden are presented. The presentation is followed by a theoretical exposition of Swedish and international poverty research. The focus of attention is on how poverty is defined and measured and a classification of different approaches in poverty research is made. It is also emphasized that it is impossible to give an objective definition of poverty.Thereafter an empirical analysis that compares three different poverty definitions is made. The first definition defines the poor as those whose disposal income falls under the standard norm for social assistance. In the second definition the poor are defined as those who experience 'multiple deprivation'. The final definition regards those who receive social assistance as the poor. The data-set used was the Survey of Living Conditions conducted by Statistics Sweden in 1986 and 1987. It is shown that about 21 percent of the Swedish population between the ages 18 and 84 are poor in accordance with one of these definitions. Some 3.4 percent are poor according to at least two definitions, while only half a percent of the population is poor according to all three definitions. The results demonstrate that the choice of poverty definition is crucial in determining which section of the population is going to be classified as poor. An analysis of the causes of poverty reveals that the causal explanation of poverty is also dependent upon which definition is used. Thus, the concept of poverty does not refer to a single social phenomenon. Poverty is a heterogeneous concept and the choice of definition will decide which social phenomenon that is studied.The thesis closes with an emphasis on those who receive social assistance. First time recipients from 1980 are compared with first time recipients from 1985. There was no indication that the increase in social assistance during the first half of the 1980s is connected with any radically new patterns in the distribution of recipients. Unemployment seems to have been the primary explanation for the occurrence of social assistance for both these groups. It must, nevertheless be pointed out that a recipience of social assistance was usually connected with a complex situation in the individual case.
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Wikman, Anders, 1945-
(författare)
Att utveckla sociala indikatorer : en surveyansats belyst med exemplet arbetsmiljö
1991
Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt) abstract
This study shall be seen as part of a general effort striving for new and better social measures. The focus is on collecting data through surveys with interviews/questionnaires. The survey method has obvious limitations that stem from its nature of being an indirect assessment of the conditions it is supposed to measure. The final results are dependent on how well the respondents fulfil their task as reporters. The results are also dependent on the means of communication that is used, i. e. the common every day language. The language can leave an imprint on the results, stemming from its ambiguity and many unprecise concepts. In this study there is first of all a stress on these latter semantic problems.Many survey results seem difficult to interpret because of this unsatisfactory lack of precision in the formulations used. An effort is made in this study to develop ways of constructing more precise question formulations. Many examples of such precise operationalizations are also given. There are however obvious limitations regarding how far the precision process can reach. One has to try to strike a balance between what is most desirable and what is practical. Empirical testing is a necessity to reach satisfactory results. Many different validity tests have also been done in this study. It could with the help of these tests, be clearly demonstrated that the measurement error could be decreased a great deal, if the precision in the formulation used is increased.At the same time it should be emphasized that there also are some risks involved in trying to use very precise formulations. Precise formulations could be easier to develop in some contexts compared to others. An important part of the developmental work must always be to test the relevance of the formulations used. Such tests have also been done and have given support to many of the formulations used.
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Andersson, Berit
(författare)
Att förstå drogmissbruk : Praktiken, situationen, processen
1991
Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt) abstract
While the purpuse of the study is to understand drug abuse through experiences told by individuals in life history interviews, the analyses moves beyond the level of descriptive life history. The interview material is interpreted within a theoretical framework, where the multidimensional character of drug abuse is considered. Three perspectives are applied in the analyses: (1) Practise: Different forms of drug use are seen as socially constructed activity spheres, practises, to which individuals are reqruited and in which they qualify. 2) Context: Drug abuse is also determined by a special life situation, i.e. a combination of physical, social and psykological cirkumstances. (3) Process: Individual drug abuse is finally seen in relation to the individual´s life course, where new life conditions bring about changes in drug use, and where life conditions are constantly affected by drug use.
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