Revision of European Wormaldia species (Trichoptera, Philopotamidae):Chimeric taxa of integrative organisation

• We have recognised significant incongruences among the most commonly used taxonomic characters in theEuropean species of Wormaldia genus of the Philopotamidae caddisfly family. During taxonomical analysis and rankingprocedures we have recorded incongruent, discorcordant characters also in the taxa in Rhyacophilidae, Hydropsychidae andLimnephilidae caddisfly families. Based on theoretical background we concluded that taxa of examined caddisflies andprobably all living creatures are chimeric entities composed of components of different origin. Genomes and phenomes aretree-like on the surface but more reticulated in the deep. We understand chimerism with universal consequences, expandingwell beyond the evolutionary tree-thinking of reductionism and determinism. Taxa are chimeric or at least chimerical in astochastic universe under the permanent fluxes of the external and internal impacts created by intercourses between entropyand energy gradients. We have surveyed how to create and correct synonymies in the splitter/lumper perspectives along theprinciples of compositional and specification hierarchies understood as quantitative variability of non-adaptive neutral andqualitative stability of adaptive, non-neutral traits. We outlined how the apophantic (declaratory) hybris creates synonymiesand underestimates biodiversity. After redrawing the diverging genitalic structures, particularly the speciation traits we havereinstated species status of eight taxa: W. trifida Andersen, 1983 stat.restit, stat. nov., W. albanica Oláh, 2010 stat. restit., W.bulgarica Novak, 1971 stat. nov., W. daga Oláh, 2014 stat. restit., W. graeca Oláh, 2014 stat. restit., W. busa Oláh, 2014 stat.restit., W. homora Oláh, 2014 stat. restit. W. nielseni Moretti, 1981 stat. nov. Character selection and lineage sortingprocedures established the following species groups, species complexes and species clades in the European species ofWormaldia: W. occipitalis species group: W. occipitalis species complex; W. charalambi species group; W. copiosa speciesgroup; W. triangulifera species group: W. bulgarica species complex, W. khourmai species complex, W. subnigra speciescomplex: W. asterusia species clade, W. subnigra species clade, W. vercorsica species clade; W. triangulifera speciescomplex, W. variegate species complex. Unplaced species: W. ambigua, W. algirica, W. sarda. In this revision we havedescribed fourteen new species: W. longiseta, W. carpathica, W. kurta, W. parba, W. foslana, W. kumanskii, W. libohova, W.silva, W. gorba, W. kera, W. rona, W. sima, W. granada, W. telva.

Ämnesord

NATURVETENSKAP  -- Biologi (hsv//swe)

NATURAL SCIENCES  -- Biological Sciences (hsv//eng)

Nyckelord

Speciation trait

taxonomic incongruence

chimeric taxa

Wormaldia

new species

Diversity of life

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