Biomechanical and histomorphometric evaluation of skin integration on titanium and PEEK implants with different surface treatments

• Percutaneous implants are frequently affected by bacterial growth at the skin-implant interface. Integration between implant and surrounding skin is important to prevent bacteria from spreading to the underlying tissue. The standard method to evaluate skin-implant integration is by histomorphometry on samples which have been placed in tissue grown in vivo or ex vivo. In this study, a biomechanical method was developed and evaluated. The integration of implants into porcine skin was studied in an ex vivo model, where pig skin samples were cultivated in a nutrient solution. Cylindrical shaped implants, consisting of polyether ether ketone (PEEK) and titanium (Ti) with different surface treatments, were implanted in the skin tissue and the skin was grown in nutrient solution for 2 weeks. The implants were then extracted from the implantation site and the mechanical force during extraction was measured as a quantitative assessment of skin-implant integration. Implants from each group were also processed for histomorphometry and the degree of epidermal downgrowth (ED) and tissue to implant contact (TIC) was measured. A higher mean pullout force was observed for the PEEK implants compared to the Ti implants. Applying nanosized hydroxyapatite (HA) on Ti and PEEK increased the pullout force compared to uncoated controls, 24% for machined and 70% for blasted Ti, and 51% for machined PEEK. Treatment of Ti and PEEK with nanosized zirconium phosphate (ZrP) did not increase the pullout force. The histomorphometry analysis showed correlation between ED and pullout force, where the pullout force was inversely proportional to ED. For TIC, no significant differences were observed between the groups of same material (i.e. Ti, Ti+HA, Ti+ZrP, and PEEK, PEEK + HA, PEEK + ZrP), but it was significantly higher for PEEK compared to Ti. Scanning electron microscopy analysis was done on samples before and after the pullout tests, showing that the ZrP coating was unaffected by the 2 week ex vivo implantation and pullout procedure, no dissolution or detachment of the coating was observed. For the HA coating, a loss of coating was seen on approximately 5% of the total surface area of the implant. [Figure not available: see fulltext.] © 2022, The Author(s).

Ämnesord

MEDICIN OCH HÄLSOVETENSKAP  -- Medicinsk bioteknologi -- Annan medicinsk bioteknologi (hsv//swe)

MEDICAL AND HEALTH SCIENCES  -- Medical Biotechnology -- Other Medical Biotechnology (hsv//eng)

MEDICIN OCH HÄLSOVETENSKAP  -- Klinisk medicin -- Odontologi (hsv//swe)

MEDICAL AND HEALTH SCIENCES  -- Clinical Medicine -- Dentistry (hsv//eng)

Nyckelord

Bacteria

Biocompatibility

Biomechanics

Coatings

Ethers

Integration

Ketones

Mammals

Nutrients

Scanning electron microscopy

Tissue

Titanium carbide

Bacterial growth

Ex-vivo

Histomorphometry

Implant interfaces

In-vivo

Nutrient solution

Pullout force

Skin implants

Titania

Zirconium phosphate

Hydroxyapatite

nanohydroxyapatite

nanomaterial

polyetheretherketone

titanium

unclassified drug

benzophenone derivative

ether derivative

ketone

macrogol

polymer

animal experiment

animal tissue

Article

bone tissue

coating (procedure)

controlled study

dissolution

ex vivo study

force

implantation

morphometry

nonhuman

quantitative analysis

surface area

surface property

Yorkshire pig

animal

osseointegration

pig

tooth implant

Animals

Benzophenones

Dental Implants

Durapatite

Polyethylene Glycols

Polymers

Surface Properties

Swine

Bacteria

Biocompatibility

Biomechanics

Coatings

Ethers

Integration

Ketones

Mammals

Nutrients

Scanning electron microscopy

Tissue

Titanium carbide

Bacterial growth

Ex-vivo

Histomorphometry

Implant interfaces

In-vivo

Nutrient solution

Pullout force

Skin implants

Titania

Zirconium phosphate

Hydroxyapatite

nanohydroxyapatite

nanomaterial

polyetheretherketone

titanium

unclassified drug

benzophenone derivative

ether derivative

ketone

macrogol

polymer

animal experiment

animal tissue

Article

bone tissue

coating (procedure)

controlled study

dissolution

ex vivo study

force

implantation

morphometry

nonhuman

quantitative analysis

surface area

surface property

Yorkshire pig

animal

osseointegration

pig

tooth implant

Animals

Benzophenones

Dental Implants

Durapatite

Polyethylene Glycols

Polymers

Surface Properties

Swine

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