Spatial prediction of weed intensities from exact count data and image-based estimates

• Collecting weed exact counts in an agricultural field is easy but extremely time consuming. Image analysis algorithms for object extraction applied to pictures of agricultural fields may be used to estimate the weed content with a high resolution (about 1 m(2)), and pictures that are acquired at a large number of sites can be used to obtain maps of weed content over a whole field at a reasonably low cost. However, these image-based estimates are not perfect and acquiring exact weed counts also is highly useful both for assessing the accuracy of the image-based algorithms and for improving the estimates by use of the combined data. We propose and compare various models for image index and exact weed count and we use them to assess how such data should be combined to obtain reliable maps. The method is applied to a real data set from a 30-ha field. We show that using image estimates in addition to exact counts allows us to improve the accuracy of maps significantly. We also show that the relative performances of the methods depend on the size of the data set and on the specific methodology (full Bayes versus plug-in) that is implemented.

Ämnesord

NATURVETENSKAP  -- Matematik -- Sannolikhetsteori och statistik (hsv//swe)

NATURAL SCIENCES  -- Mathematics -- Probability Theory and Statistics (hsv//eng)

LANTBRUKSVETENSKAPER  -- Lantbruksvetenskap, skogsbruk och fiske -- Livsmedelsvetenskap (hsv//swe)

AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES  -- Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries -- Food Science (hsv//eng)

Nyckelord

Approximate Cox process

Gaussian random field

Image analysis

Model-based geostatistics

Multivariate data

Poisson regression

Precision farming

Spatial prediction

gaussian random-fields

linear mixed models

bayesian prediction

crops

color

distributions

segmentation

plants

robot

Approximate Cox process

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