Reporting trigger factors for (hypo)manic episodes in bipolar disorder: association with personality and prognosis.

• To investigate external factors that trigger manic and hypomanic relapses and how this is associated with personality and clinical outcome measured as number of affective episodes over a seven-year period.This is a prospective cohort study of 204 meticulously characterized Swedish bipolar disorder patients. Personality was evaluated at baseline using the Swedish universities Scales of Personality in 170 patients, and 90 patients were followed up after approximately seven years in order to evaluate clinical outcomes.We found that 44% of the patients reported trigger factors, including sleep disturbance, work or family related issues, medication, and illicit drug use. There were no significant differences in any of the personality traits when comparing the 74 patients that reported triggers with the 90 patients that did not. At seven-year follow-up, there was no difference between the groups in number of affective episodes (depressive, hypomanic, manic or mixed), involuntary commitments, suicide attempts, or self-harm incidents since baseline.Around 40% of the patients reported external triggers for manic and hypomanic episodes. However, this was neither associated with personality traits nor number of affective episodes at seven-year follow-up.Around 40% of all bipolar disorder patients reported trigger factors for manic or hypomanic episodes. Reporting trigger factors was not associated with personality Reporting trigger factors was not associated with outcomes over a seven-year period. Limitations Patients had on average long duration of illness and may be less sensitive to external stressors than persons with recent onset. Trigger factors were identified retrospectively, and may thus be prone to recall bias. The number of affective episodes might be a too crude outcome measure as most subjects had not suffered any affective episodes at follow-up.

Subject headings

MEDICIN OCH HÄLSOVETENSKAP  -- Klinisk medicin -- Psykiatri (hsv//swe)

MEDICAL AND HEALTH SCIENCES  -- Clinical Medicine -- Psychiatry (hsv//eng)

Publication and Content Type

ref (subject category)

art (subject category)