Assessment of Dietary Choline Intake, Contributing Food Items, and Associations with One-Carbon and Lipid Metabolites in Middle-Aged and Elderly Adults: The Hordaland Health Study

• Background: Choline is an essential nutrient for humans and is involved in various physiologic functions. Through its metabolite betaine, it is closely connected to the one-carbon metabolism, and the fat-soluble choline form phosphatidylcholine is essential for VLDL synthesis and secretion in the liver connecting choline to the lipid metabolism. Dietary recommendations for choline are not available in the Nordic countries primarily due to data scarcity. Objectives: The aim of this study was to investigate the dietary intake of total choline and individual choline forms, dietary sources, and the association of total choline intake with circulating one-carbon metabolites and lipids. Methods: We included 5746 participants in the Hordaland Health Study, a survey including community-dwelling adults born in 1925-1927 (mean age 72 y, 55% women) and 1950-1951 (mean age 48 y, 57% women). Dietary data were obtained using a 169-item FFQ, and choline content was calculated using the USDA Database for Choline Content of Common Foods, release 2. Metabolites of the one-carbon and lipid metabolism were measured in a nonfasting blood sample obtained at baseline, and the association with total choline intake was assessed using polynomial splines. Results: The geometric mean (95% prediction interval) energy-adjusted total choline intake was 260 (170, 389) mg/d, with phosphatidylcholine being the main form (44%). The major food items providing dietary choline were eggs, low-fat milk, potatoes, and leafy vegetables. Dietary total choline was inversely associated with circulating concentrations of total homocysteine, glycine, and serine and positively associated with choline, methionine, cystathionine, cysteine, trimethyllysine, trimethylamine-N-oxide, and dimethylglycine. A weak association was observed between choline intake and serum lipids. Conclusions: Phosphatidylcholine was the most consumed choline form in community-dwelling adults in Norway. Our findings suggest that choline intake is associated with the concentration of most metabolites involved in the one-carbon and lipid metabolism. © 2021 The Author(s). Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the American Society for Nutrition.

Ämnesord

MEDICIN OCH HÄLSOVETENSKAP  -- Klinisk medicin (hsv//swe)

MEDICAL AND HEALTH SCIENCES  -- Clinical Medicine (hsv//eng)

Nyckelord

choline

dietary intake

lipid metabolism

one-carbon metabolism

phosphatidylcholine

carbon

cholesterol

cystathionine

cysteine

dimethylglycine

glycerophosphorylcholine

glycine

high density lipoprotein cholesterol

homocysteine

lipid

low density lipoprotein cholesterol

lysine derivative

methionine

monounsaturated fatty acid

phosphorylcholine

polyunsaturated fatty acid

serine

short chain fatty acid

sphingomyelin

triacylglycerol

trimethylamine oxide

betaine

adult

aged

Article

caloric intake

candy

carbohydrate intake

carbon metabolism

cholesterol blood level

community dwelling person

controlled study

dairy product

egg

fast food

fat intake

female

fish consumption

food frequency questionnaire

fruit consumption

grain

groups by age

human

leafy vegetable

low fat milk

macronutrient intake

major clinical study

male

meat consumption

metabolite

middle aged

nutritional assessment

potato

protein intake

vegetable consumption

diet

eating

vegetable

very elderly

Aged

80 and over

Humans

Lipids

Vegetables

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